Legend. Feasibility of minimally invasive transapical redo "valve in a valve" implantation. A 23-mm stent-fixed transcatheter xenograft (Edwards Sapien) (A,B) was placed within a 23-mm conventional Carpentier Edwards porcine prosthesis. The "valve in a valve" is explanted showing a macroscopic (C,D) and radiological (E,F) view. See pages 57 and 59.