STATE-OF-THE-ART PAPER
Inflammatory Markers and the Metabolic Syndrome
Insights From Therapeutic Interventions
Kwang Kon Koh, MD, PhD, FACC*,*,
Seung Hwan Han, MD* and
Michael J. Quon, MD, PhD
* Division of Cardiology, Gil Heart Center, Gachon Medical School, Incheon, Korea
Diabetes Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
Manuscript received April 16, 2005;
revised manuscript received June 22, 2005,
accepted June 27, 2005.
* Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Kwang Kon Koh, Vascular Medicine and Atherosclerosis Unit, Division of Cardiology, Gil Heart Center, Gachon Medical School, 1198 Kuwol-dong, Namdong-gu, Incheon, South Korea 405-760 (Email: kwangk{at}ghil.com).
Inflammation in the vasculature might be an important pathogenic link between cardiovascular diseases and the metabolic syndrome. Inflammation can be reduced by a variety of approaches including diet, exercise, cardiovascular drugs, and insulin sensitizers. Importantly, these different measures improve vascular function and reduce inflammation by distinct mechanisms. Therefore, combination therapy including lifestyle modifications and multiple drugs from separate classes might produce additive beneficial outcomes. We review plausible mechanisms for effects of combination therapy to reduce inflammation, improve endothelial dysfunction, and decrease insulin resistance in atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, and hypertension in the context of insulin-resistant states including diabetes, obesity, and the metabolic syndrome.
|
Abbreviations and Acronyms
| | ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme | | CAMs = cell adhesion molecules | | CRP = C-reactive protein | | ICAM = intercellular adhesion molecule | | IL = interleukin | | LDL = low-density lipoprotein | | MCP = monocyte chemoattractant protein | | NF = nuclear factor | | NO = nitric oxide | | PPAR = peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor | | sCD40L = soluble CD40 ligand | | TNF = tumor necrosis factor | | VCAM = vascular cell adhesion molecule |
|
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
|
|
 
K. K. Koh and M. J. Quon
Combination Therapy for Treatment or Prevention of Atherosclerosis
Hypertension,
August 1, 2008;
52(2):
e18 - e18.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. B. Dokken
The Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes: Beyond Blood Pressure and Lipids
Diabetes Spectr,
July 1, 2008;
21(3):
160 - 165.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. M. Fleming and G. M. Harrington
What Is the Relationship Between Myocardial Perfusion Imaging and Coronary Artery Disease Risk Factors and Markers of Inflammation?
Angiology,
March 1, 2008;
59(1):
16 - 25.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. F. Knight, J. E. Quigley, J. Yuan, S. S. Roy, A. Elmarakby, and J. D. Imig
Endothelial Dysfunction and the Development of Renal Injury in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet
Hypertension,
February 1, 2008;
51(2):
352 - 359.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q. Zhou, J. Du, Z. Hu, K. Walsh, and X. H. Wang
Evidence for Adipose-Muscle Cross Talk: Opposing Regulation of Muscle Proteolysis by Adiponectin and Fatty Acids
Endocrinology,
December 1, 2007;
148(12):
5696 - 5705.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. H. Koh, J.-Y. Park, H.-S. Park, M. J. Jeon, J. W. Ryu, M. Kim, S. Y. Kim, M.-S. Kim, S.-W. Kim, I. S. Park, et al.
Essential Role of Mitochondrial Function in Adiponectin Synthesis in Adipocytes
Diabetes,
December 1, 2007;
56(12):
2973 - 2981.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Koto, N. Nagai, H. Mochimaru, T. Kurihara, K. Izumi-Nagai, S. Satofuka, H. Shinoda, K. Noda, Y. Ozawa, M. Inoue, et al.
Eicosapentaenoic Acid Is Anti-Inflammatory in Preventing Choroidal Neovascularization in Mice
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.,
September 1, 2007;
48(9):
4328 - 4334.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. K. Koh
Combination Treatment to Prevent Atherosclerosis
Hypertension,
September 1, 2007;
50(3):
e67 - e67.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Muniyappa, M. Montagnani, K. K. Koh, and M. J. Quon
Cardiovascular Actions of Insulin
Endocr. Rev.,
August 1, 2007;
28(5):
463 - 491.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. K. Koh, M. J. Quon, S. J. Lee, S. H. Han, J. Y. Ahn, J.-a Kim, W.-J. Chung, Y. Lee, and E. K. Shin
Efonidipine Simultaneously Improves Blood Pressure, Endothelial Function, and Metabolic Parameters in Nondiabetic Patients With Hypertension
Diabetes Care,
June 1, 2007;
30(6):
1605 - 1607.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Izumi-Nagai, N. Nagai, Y. Ozawa, M. Mihara, Y. Ohsugi, T. Kurihara, T. Koto, S. Satofuka, M. Inoue, K. Tsubota, et al.
Interleukin-6 Receptor-Mediated Activation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription-3 (STAT3) Promotes Choroidal Neovascularization
Am. J. Pathol.,
June 1, 2007;
170(6):
2149 - 2158.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Amano, T. Matsubara, T. Uetani, M. Nanki, N. Marui, M. Kato, K. Arai, K. Yokoi, H. Ando, H. Ishii, et al.
Impact of Metabolic Syndrome on Tissue Characteristics of Angiographically Mild to Moderate Coronary Lesions: Integrated Backscatter Intravascular Ultrasound Study
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
March 20, 2007;
49(11):
1149 - 1156.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. S. Villanueva, E. Lu, S. Bowry, S. Kilic, E. Tom, J. Wang, J. Gretton, J. J. Pacella, and W. R. Wagner
Myocardial Ischemic Memory Imaging With Molecular Echocardiography
Circulation,
January 23, 2007;
115(3):
345 - 352.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Spirou, E. Rizos, E. N. Liberopoulos, N. Kolaitis, A. Achimastos, A. D. Tselepis, and M. Elisaf
Effect of Barnidipine on Blood Pressure and Serum Metabolic Parameters in Patients With Essential Hypertension: A Pilot Study
Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics,
December 1, 2006;
11(4):
256 - 261.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. C. Frisbee, J. B. Samora, J. Peterson, and R. Bryner
Exercise training blunts microvascular rarefaction in the metabolic syndrome
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,
November 1, 2006;
291(5):
H2483 - H2492.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Thum and J. Bauersachs
Sports or statins for atheroprotection? New insight from Kruppel-like factor 2
Cardiovasc Res,
November 1, 2006;
72(2):
193 - 195.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. J. Walley, A. I.F. Blakemore, and P. Froguel
Genetics of obesity and the prediction of risk for health
Hum. Mol. Genet.,
October 15, 2006;
15(suppl_2):
R124 - R130.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
