STATE-OF-THE-ART PAPER
A New Paradigm for Physiologic Ventricular Pacing
Michael O. Sweeney, MD*,* and
Frits W. Prinzen, PhD
* Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
Manuscript received May 25, 2005;
revised manuscript received August 20, 2005,
accepted September 8, 2005.
* Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Michael O. Sweeney, Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115. (Email: mosweeney{at}partners.org).
Clinical trials in patients with pacemakers for sinus node dysfunction or atrioventricular block (AVB) and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators provide increasing evidence showing that desynchronization of ventricular electrical activation and contraction, induced by conventional right ventricular apex (RVA) pacing, is a serious threat for long-term cardiac morbidity and mortality. The risk of heart failure is increased even in hearts with initially normal pump function and in case of part-time ventricular pacing. These epidemiologic data fit with knowledge from decades of pathophysiological research, indicating that right ventricular (RV) pacing creates abnormal contraction, reduced pump function, hypertrophy, and ultrastructural abnormalities. This paper presents a new paradigm that aims to tailor ventricular pacing to the individual patient to achieve a way of pacing that is as physiologic as possible. In patients without AVB and no intraventricular conduction abnormalities, ventricular pacing should be avoided as much as possible, using atrial-based pacing. In patients with AVB, alternate single-site RV or left ventricular pacing or biventricular pacing may be superior to RVA pacing. Efforts to optimize the pacing mode or site should be greater in patients with a longer expected duration of pacing, poorer cardiac function, and larger mechanical asynchrony. Awareness of the problem of desynchronization should also lead to more regular monitoring of cardiac pump function and mechanical asynchrony in any patient with ventricular pacing
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Abbreviations and Acronyms
| | AAI/R = atrial pacing | | AF = atrial fibrillation | | AV = atrioventricular | | AVB = atrioventricular block | | BiV = biventricular pacing | | Cum%VP = cumulative percent ventricular pacing | | DDD/R = dual-chamber pacing | | EF = ejection fraction | | HF = heart failure | | ICD = implantable cardioverter-defibrillator | | LBBB = left bundle branch block | | LV = left ventricular | | RCT = randomized clinical trial | | RVA = right ventricular apex | | SND = sinus node dysfunction | | VVI/R = ventricular pacing |
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