CLINICAL RESEARCH: HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY
Dilated-Hypokinetic Evolution of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Prevalence, Incidence, Risk Factors, and Prognostic Implications in Pediatric and Adult Patients
Elena Biagini, MD*,
Fabio Coccolo, MD*,
Marinella Ferlito, MD*,
Enrica Perugini, MD*,
Guido Rocchi, MD*,
Letizia Bacchi-Reggiani, BSc*,
Carla Lofiego, MD*,
Giuseppe Boriani, MD*,
Daniela Prandstraller, MD ,
Fernando M. Picchio, MD,
Angelo Branzi, MD* and
Claudio Rapezzi, MD*,*
* Institute of Cardiology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Unit, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Manuscript received February 3, 2005;
revised manuscript received April 20, 2005,
accepted April 25, 2005.
* Reprint requests and correspondence: Prof. Claudio Rapezzi, Institute of Cardiology, University Hospital S. Orsola-Malpighi, Via Massarenti N 9, 40128 Bologna, Italy (Email: crapezzi{at}aosp.bo.it).
OBJECTIVES: This study sought to investigate the incidence, risk factors, and prognosis of dilated-hypokinetic evolution in a large cohort of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) followed up at a cardiology center serving both the pediatric and the adult population.
BACKGROUND: The available data on this evolution of HCM mainly regards prevalence (rather than incidence) in adults, with very little being known about the pediatric population.
METHODS: A total of 222 consecutive HCM patients (65% men, 19%  18 years old) were prospectively evaluated for a mean follow-up of 11 ± 9 years.
RESULTS: A diagnosis of dilated-hypokinetic HCM was made in 12 patients at first evaluation (11 without previous septal myectomy surgery; prevalence, 4.9%). Twelve of the 210 patients with classic HCM at first evaluation underwent dilated-hypokinetic evolution (incidence, 5.3/1,000 patient-years). Patients with prevalent/incident dilated-hypokinetic evolution were younger at first evaluation (32 ± 14 years vs. 41 ± 21 years, p = 0.04) and more often had a family history of HCM (61% vs. 26%, p = 0.002) or sudden death (43% vs. 19%, p = 0.01) with respect to patients who maintained classic HCM. Moreover, they showed greater interventricular septum (23 ± 3 mm vs. 19 ± 6 mm, p = 0.004) and posterior wall (15 ± 3 mm vs. 13 ± 4 mm, p = 0.006) thickness. Cardiovascular death-free survival was lower among patients with dilated-hypokinetic HCM (p < 0.04). Cox proportional hazards regression analysis identified left ventricular wall thickness (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.07; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01 to 1.14; p = 0.03) and end-diastolic diameter (HR = 1.08; 95% CI 1.04 to 1.11; p = 0.0001) as independent predictors of cardiovascular death.
CONCLUSIONS: Dilated-hypokinetic evolution is rare but not exceptional in HCM. Young age at diagnosis, family history of HCM, and greater wall thickness are incremental risk factors for dilated-hypokinetic HCM, which carries an ominous prognosis.
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Abbreviations and Acronyms
| | CI = confidence interval | | HCM = hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | | HR = hazard ratio | | LV = left ventricle/ventricular | | LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction | | NYHA = New York Heart Association |
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