STATE-OF-THE-ART PAPER
Atherothrombosis and High-Risk Plaque
Part II: Approaches by Noninvasive Computed Tomographic/Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Valentin Fuster, MD, PhD, FACC*,
Zahi A. Fayad, PhD, FACC*,*,
Pedro R. Moreno, MD, FACC*,*,
Michael Poon, MD, FACC*, ,
Roberto Corti, MD, FACC and
Juan J. Badimon, PhD, FACC*
* Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute and the Marie-Josee and Henry R. Kravis Cardiovascular Health Center, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Cabrini Hospital, New York, New York
Zurich University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
Manuscript received July 14, 2004;
revised manuscript received December 23, 2004,
accepted March 4, 2005.
* Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Pedro R. Moreno and Dr. Zahi A. Fayad, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1030, New York, New York 10029. (Email: Pedro.Moreno{at}msnyuhealth.org).
This second part of the review on atherothrombosis highlights the diffuse nature of the disease analyzing the feasibility and potential of the noninvasive imaging modalities, including computed tomography (electron-beam computed and multi-detector computed tomography) and magnetic resonance imaging for its detection and monitoring. These imaging modalities are being established as promising tools in high-risk cardiovascular patients for identification and/or management of coronary calcification, stenotic or obstructive disease, high-risk plaques (not necessarily stenotic), and overall burden of the disease. In addition, such technology facilitates the understanding of the processes involved in the development and progression of atherothrombosis responsible for coronary, cerebral, and peripheral ischemic events.
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Abbreviations and Acronyms
| | CAC = coronary artery calcium | | CS = calcium score | | CT = computed tomography | | EBCT = electron-beam computed tomography | | HU = Hounsfield units | | MDCT = multi-detector computed tomography | | MRA = magnetic resonance angiography | | MRI = magnetic resonance imaging | | SSFP = steady-state free precession |
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