This Article Abstract Figures Only Full Text (PDF) Online Appendix All Versions of this Article: j.jacc.2009.10.014v1 55/5/432    most recent Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Google Scholar Articles by Kapur, A. Articles by Beatt, K. J. PubMed Articles by Kapur, A. Articles by Beatt, K. J. Related Collections Related Article

EXPEDITED PUBLICATION

Randomized Comparison of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention With Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Diabetic Patients

1-Year Results of the CARDia (Coronary Artery Revascularization in Diabetes) Trial

Akhil Kapur, MBChB, MD^_*, Roger J. Hall, MD^,, Iqbal S. Malik, MMBChir, PhD, Ayesha C. Qureshi, MBBS^_*, Jeremy Butts, MBBS, Mark de Belder, MD, Andreas Baumbach, MS^||, Gianni Angelini, MD, MCh^||, Adam de Belder, MBBS, MD^¶, Keith G. Oldroyd, MBChB, MD^#, Marcus Flather, MBBS^,_**, Michael Roughton, MSc^_**, Petros Nihoyannopoulos, MD, Jens Peder Bagger, MBBS, DSc, Kenneth Morgan, MBChB, BSc and Kevin J. Beatt, MBBS, PhD^,_*

^_* London Chest Hospital, Barts and The London NHS Trust, London, England
Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, England
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals, Norwich, England
James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, England
^|| Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol, England
^¶ Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton, England
^# Western Infirmary, Glasgow, Scotland
^_** Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, England
Mayday University Hospital, London, England

Manuscript received June 15, 2009; revised manuscript received October 19, 2009, accepted October 19, 2009.

^_* Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Kevin J. Beatt, Mayday University Hospital, London Road, London CR7 7YE, England (Email: dr.beatt{at}heartbeatt.com).

	Abstract

Top Abstract Methods Results Discussion Conclusions Author Disclosures Appendix References

 
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the safety and efficacy of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stenting against coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in patients with diabetes and symptomatic multivessel coronary artery disease.

Background: CABG is the established method of revascularization in patients with diabetes and multivessel coronary disease, but with advances in PCI, there is uncertainty whether CABG remains the preferred method of revascularization.

Methods: The primary outcome was a composite of all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke, and the main secondary outcome included the addition of repeat revascularization to the primary outcome events. A total of 510 diabetic patients with multivessel or complex single-vessel coronary disease from 24 centers were randomized to PCI plus stenting (and routine abciximab) or CABG. The primary comparison used a noninferiority method with the upper boundary of the 95% confidence interval not to exceed 1.3 to declare PCI noninferior. Bare-metal stents were used initially, but a switch to Cypher (sirolimus drug-eluting) stents (Cordis, Johnson & Johnson, Bridgewater, New Jersey) was made when these became available.

Results: At 1 year of follow-up, the composite rate of death, MI, and stroke was 10.5% in the CABG group and 13.0% in the PCI group (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.25, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.75 to 2.09; p = 0.39), all-cause mortality rates were 3.2% and 3.2%, and the rates of death, MI, stroke, or repeat revascularization were 11.3% and 19.3% (HR: 1.77, 95% CI: 1.11 to 2.82; p = 0.02), respectively. When the patients who underwent CABG were compared with the subset of patients who received drug-eluting stents (69% of patients), the primary outcome rates were 12.4% and 11.6% (HR: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.51 to 1.71; p = 0.82), respectively.

Conclusions: The CARDia (Coronary Artery Revascularization in Diabetes) trial is the first randomized trial of coronary revascularization in diabetic patients, but the 1-year results did not show that PCI is noninferior to CABG. However, the CARDia trial did show that multivessel PCI is feasible in patients with diabetes, but longer-term follow-up and data from other trials will be needed to provide a more precise comparison of the efficacy of these 2 revascularization strategies. (The Coronary Artery Revascularisation in Diabetes trial; ISRCTN19872154)

Key Words: coronary revascularization • diabetes • multivesssel disease

Abbreviations and Acronyms   BMS = bare-metal stent(s)   CABG = coronary artery bypass grafting   CI = confidence interval   DES = drug-eluting stent(s)   HR = hazard ratio   MACCE = major adverse coronary and cerebral event   MI = myocardial infarction   PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention

The BARI (Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation) compared percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in patients with multivessel disease, with a primary end point of mortality at 5 years (10). The analysis of the subset of 353 diabetic patients showed that after 5 years of follow-up, patients initially treated with PCI had double the mortality of those randomized to CABG (11). CABG was already established as the standard revascularization strategy in nondiabetic patients with left main stem coronary artery disease or 3-vessel coronary disease and impaired LV function, and the BARI subgroup results led to this being extended to all patients with diabetes and multivessel disease. However, the BARI was conducted before bare-metal stents (BMS) and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors were available. In addition, PCI has evolved further with the introduction of drug-eluting stents (DES) and new oral antiplatelet strategies (12–15) There have also been developments in surgery, including increased arterial revascularization and off-pump techniques, but their impact on outcome has been less dramatic (16–18). In the context of the continuing refinement in treatment strategies and an increase in the number of diabetic patients requiring revascularization, there is a need to continually assess the role of contemporary PCI compared with CABG. Accordingly, the CARDia (Coronary Artery Revascularization in Diabetes) trial was undertaken to compare PCI plus stenting with CABG in patients with diabetes and multivessel coronary artery disease (19).

	Methods

Top Abstract Methods Results Discussion Conclusions Author Disclosures Appendix References

 
The trial design and study protocol were described previously (19). In brief, patients were considered eligible if they had diabetes and either multivessel coronary disease or complex single-vessel disease (ostial or proximal left anterior descending artery disease) and were recommended to have coronary revascularization on clinical grounds. After review of each case by an experienced interventional cardiologist and cardiac surgeon, there had to be agreement that there was reasonable equipoise in the risks and benefits of PCI and CABG before a patient could be randomized. The exclusion criteria were the inability to consent, age older than 80 years, previous revascularization, left main stem disease, cardiogenic shock, recent ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (MI) (within 6 weeks), known ejection fraction <20%, and contraindications to antiplatelet therapy. National and institutional ethical approval was obtained for all 24 participating centers in the United Kingdom (n = 22) and Ireland (n = 2) (Online Appendix). All patients gave written informed consent before randomization. Randomization was undertaken, by either a local secure computer-based system or telephone contact with the coordinating center stratifying for urgency of intervention (acute/elective), sex, and number of diseased vessels (3/<3). Confirmation of eligibility criteria was required before release of randomization allocation. Center-specific randomization was undertaken with stratification according to sex, number of diseased vessels, and whether the procedure was urgent or elective. Operators in both treatment arms were encouraged to perform as complete a revascularization as possible. Staged procedures were allowed and included as part of the index revascularization if the operator decided this before the end of the initial procedure. Contemporary techniques, such as arterial revascularization and off-pump procedures, were encouraged in patients randomized to CABG. The PCI strategy included the unrestricted use of stents and routine administration of abciximab. The trial was started using BMS, but when they became available, patients received DES (Cypher stents, Cordis, Johnson & Johnson, Bridgewater, New Jersey). The protocol recommendation for clopidogrel use after PCI was 1 to 3 months after BMS placement and 12 months after DES placement. The primary end point was a composite of death, MI, and stroke assessed at 1 year after randomization with a major secondary end point of repeat revascularization also assessed at 1 year. With the advent of troponin, the definition of MI was amended, and this together with the definitions of the trial end points are summarized (Online Appendix). The reporting of a serious adverse event was based on notification by the local investigator and in the case of MI did not depend on routine biomarker assessment post-procedure.

Outcomes and follow-up.   All major events including death, MI, stroke, bleeding, and repeat revascularization were reviewed by the Critical Events Adjudication Committee, which consisted of cardiologists and surgeons who were blinded to treatment allocation. There were 2 adjudicators for each event, with a third used if required. An independent Data and Safety Monitoring Board comprising 2 cardiologists and 1 surgeon reviewed trial data according to protocol.

Statistical methods.   All analyses were performed using the intent-to-treat principle. The primary outcome was the composite of all-cause mortality, nonfatal MI, and nonfatal stroke at 1 year (time to first event). Additional outcomes of interest were the individual elements of the composite outcome, repeat revascularization, bleeding, angina classification, and the composite of the primary outcome and repeat revascularization (major adverse coronary and cerebral events [MACCE]). Timing of follow-up was taken from the date of randomization, with all patients being censored at their last observed follow-up time, or 365 days if their last observed follow-up time was >1 year. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to compare the survival times in the 2 treatment arms, and the survival distributions were constructed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results of the survival analysis are presented as unadjusted hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Variables are summarized using mean (SD) or number (%), as appropriate. Comparisons of continuous variables were made using t tests, and the chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables. All analyses were performed using Stata 10.1 (StataCorp, College Station, Texas), and a p value <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Pre-specified subgroups included 3-vessel/2-vessel disease, BMS or DES, insulin/no insulin treatment, sex, age (younger than 65/65 years and older). For the BMS/DES subgroup, PCI patients were compared with concurrent CABG controls using the date that the DES was first introduced as the cut point (excluding the few patients who received only BMS after this date). The p values for interaction in these subgroups (i.e., whether there seems to be a difference in treatment effect in the strata of the subgroup) are provided.

Sample size estimate.   CABG has historically been assumed to be superior to PCI in patients with diabetes and multivessel disease. The sample size was calculated at 600 patients, based on event rates in the ARTS (Arterial Revascularization Therapy Study) (6), the meta-analysis of the EPIC (Evaluation of 7E3 for the Prevention of Ischemic Complications), EPILOG (Evaluation in PCTA to Improve the Long-Term Outcome With Abciximab GP IIb/IIIa), and EPISTENT (Evaluation of Platelet IIb/IIIa Inhibitor for Stenting) trials (20) as well as the ability to enroll this number over approximately 3 years. We used an exploratory noninferiority design model (21). The most favorable assumption was that the composite of death, MI, and stroke would occur at a rate of 9.0% in the PCI arm and at 12.5% in the surgical arm, suggesting that an odds ratio of 0.69 in favor of PCI (with upper CI boundary of 1.3) would allow us to declare PCI as noninferior. We recognized that the study could be underpowered for clinical outcomes, but would have reasonable power (approximately 80% power at alpha = 0.05) to detect differences in the composite of death, stroke, MI, or repeat revascularization, which is the MACCE outcome used in the ARTS 1 (6). Thus, the sample size was a pragmatic one based on projected enrollment rates.

	Results

Top Abstract Methods Results Discussion Conclusions Author Disclosures Appendix References

 
The trial enrolled 510 patients (254 were randomized to CABG and 256 to PCI) from January 2002 to May 2007. The median follow-up was 365 days. In the CABG group, 230 of 254 patients (91%) actually underwent CABG, with 1 patient dying before the operation and 14 crossing over to PCI. In the PCI group, 253 of 256 patients (99%) actually underwent PCI, and 1 patient crossed over to CABG (Fig. 1). Baseline clinical characteristics were well matched, and the number of diseased vessels, baseline creatinine, and left ventricular function were also similar between the 2 groups (Table 1). Thirty-eight percent of patients were treated with insulin, and 5% of all patients had type 1 diabetes. The duration of diabetes before randomization for each group was 10 years, and the baseline HbA_1c (glycosylated hemoglobin) was 7.9% in both groups. It was a protocol requirement that all patients in both groups had aggressive diabetic control post-randomization with a target HbA_1c of <7%. However, this target was not achieved, and it remained 7.9% in the CABG group and 7.7% in the PCI group at the 1 year follow-up (p = 0.086).

View larger version (22K): [in this window] [in a new window] [Download PPT slide]   Figure 1 Patient Enrollment and Follow-Up *These patients are included in the 1-year follow-up. CABG = coronary artery bypass grafting; PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention.

The combined rate of death, MI, and stroke in the CABG group was 10.5% compared with 13.0% in the PCI group (HR: 1.25, 95% CI: 0.75 to 2.09) (Fig. 2A). The noninferiority margin of 1.3 was exceeded by the upper limit of the CI for the primary end point, indicating that our results could not demonstrate that PCI is noninferior to CABG. Subsequent comparisons are all provided using conventional comparative methods. The all-cause mortality rate in the CABG group was 3.2% and 3.2% in the PCI group (p = 0.97; HR: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.37 to 2.61) with repeat revascularization rates of 2.0% and 11.8% (p < 0.001, HR: 5.31, 95% CI: 2.0 to 14.11), respectively. The composite of MACCE combining repeat revascularization with the primary end point was 11.3 versus 19.3%, (p = 0.016; HR: 1.77; 95% CI: 1.11 to 2.82) in the CABG and PCI groups, respectively (Fig. 2B). The occurrence rate of Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) major bleeding at 1 year in the CABG group compared with the PCI group was 6.1% versus 1.2% (p = 0.009; HR: 0.19, 95% CI: 0.06 to 0.67), respectively. Peri-procedural MI rates were similar in the 2 groups, but the rate of late MI occurring >7 days after the index revascularization procedure was higher in the PCI arm (p = 0.016) (Table 2).

View larger version (10K): [in this window] [in a new window] [Download PPT slide]   Figure 2 Primary End Point Event-Free Survival CABG Versus PCI and MACCE Event-Free Survival CABG Versus PCI Shown are the 1-year Kaplan-Meier event-free survival curves for CABG (blue line) and PCI (orange line) for the primary outcome of death, myocardial infarction (MI), or stroke (A) and death, MI, stroke, or repeat revascularization (revasc) (major adverse coronary and cerebral events [MACCE]) (B). Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for these comparisons are provided in Table 2. Abbreviations as in Figure 1.

View larger version (18K): [in this window] [in a new window] [Download PPT slide]   Figure 3 Forest Plot of Death, Myocardial Infarction, and Stroke in Key Subgroups Squares represent point estimates for the hazard ratio (HR) and horizontal lines represent 95% confidence interval (CI). Arrows indicate that the upper limit of HR goes off the log scale. Also see Table 3. BMS = bare-metal stent(s); DES = drug-eluting stent(s); other abbreviations as in Figure 1.

	Discussion

Top Abstract Methods Results Discussion Conclusions Author Disclosures Appendix References

The event rate in the PCI arm was higher than predicted, likely due to the increased complexity of coronary disease in the CARDia trial compared with previous trials, a trend also seen in the SYNTAX (Synergy Between PCI With Taxus and Cardiac Surgery) trial. The SYNTAX trial using the SYNTAX score as a measure of complexity showed that increased complexity has a disproportionately adverse effect on the outcome of PCI patients compared with CABG patients (22). This largely unforeseen change in practice will need to be taken into consideration when calculating sample sizes for future trials and when applying the result to current clinical practice.

The prevalence of diabetes is increasing, and approximately 8% of adults in developed countries have diabetes (23). Cardiovascular complications remain the leading cause of mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, accounting for as many as 80% of deaths (24,25). Although CABG is generally considered a more effective revascularization strategy in patients with diabetes, it also carries a greater morbidity, increased length of hospital stay, and longer recovery times compared with PCI.

The BARI (subjects recruited from 1988 to 1991) first highlighted the difference in mortality rates between CABG and PCI in diabetic patients (11). The ARTS (recruited from 1996 to 1997) showed mortality rates of 3.1% for CABG and 6.3% for PCI at 1 year (6). In the CARDia trial, mortality for the PCI group was 3.2%, which is half that seen in the ARTS diabetic subgroup, whereas CABG mortality was the same as in the ARTS at 3.2%. Overall rates of MI in the PCI group were nonsignificantly higher than CABG, and this seems to be driven by a significant excess in late MIs occurring >7 days after the index procedure. In the ARTS, the rate of revascularization was 22.3% at 1 year in the PCI diabetic subgroup (4.1% for CABG), but in the CARDia trial, the rate was 11.8% (9.4% in those receiving DES), although this was still considerably higher than the CABG revascularization rate of 2.0% (p < 0.001) (6). Thus, the improvement over time seems greater in the patients treated with PCI. These improved outcomes are despite the fact that patients recruited in the CARDia trial had more extensive disease. For example, 3-vessel disease accounted for just 36% and 38% of patients in the CABG and PCI diabetic subsets, respectively, in the ARTS compared with 60% and 65% in the CARDia trial (Table 1). On average, 3.0 stents were implanted in the ARTS PCI diabetic subset with an average total stent length per patient of 52 mm. The respective figures for the CARDia trial were 3.6 and 71 mm. The recently reported SYNTAX trial shows a continuation of the trend with figures of 4.6 and 86 mm, respectively, in the study as a whole (22). In the ARTS, MI rates at 1 year were 2.1% in the CABG arm, 6.3% in the PCI arm,, and 0.6% in the DES arm (26). The rate of MI in CARDia trial was higher, although this may be related to the MI definition, which has often varied among trials (27,28).

In contrast to these progressive improvements, a finding that has remained largely consistent throughout the landmark revascularization trials has been the higher stroke rate in the CABG arm compared with the PCI arm, particularly for diabetic patients. In the recent SYNTAX trial, stroke rates were 2.2% and 0.6% in the CABG and PCI groups, respectively (22). The higher stroke rate observed in both the CARDia and SYNTAX trials in the surgical arm needs to be taken into consideration when deciding which revascularization procedure is preferred in these patients. A recent individual patient data meta-analysis of all randomized CABG versus PCI trials (including older pre-stent trials) with a total sample size of 7,812 patients has shown that overall mortality rates for a median follow-up of 6 years were approximately 16% in both groups, but mortality (even excluding the BARI) was significantly lower in diabetic patients in the CABG group, and there was also a favorable trend for CABG with older age (29). Because the overall CARDia trial was underpowered, we cannot make any clear statements about the subgroups, even though these are presented (Table 3, Fig. 3); however, there seemed to be a trend suggesting that DES may provide a better outcome than BMS.

Study limitations.   The CARDia trial was underpowered for the primary composite outcome, but we believe that this outcome was more meaningful and consistent with other major cardiovascular therapy trials, than the conventional MACCE outcome, which is driven by repeat revascularization. Longer-term follow-up will increase power, as has been observed in other trials (11,30). None of the CABG versus PCI trials have been adequately powered for clinical outcomes, and even the pooled analysis of all the randomized trials with approximately 7,800 patients has not shown clear differences in mortality between the 2 strategies (29). We achieved 85% of the expected sample, which still represents the largest study of revascularization in diabetic patients. The definition and detection of MI in the CARDia trial can be questioned because central monitoring of markers of myocardial damage was not performed, but, as discussed, there is no consensus on how MI should be detected in a clinical trial setting, and our approach of investigator-reported events with central adjudication remains valid. The type of stent used changed during the trial from BMSs to DES, which is a simple reflection of the ever-changing practice in coronary revascularization, and most trials have had changes in practice during the enrollment phase including new balloons, guide catheters, and stents. Although the CARDia trial was a comparison of 2 revascularization strategies, there may be some patients with type 2 diabetes and stable coronary disease who will do equally well with optimal medical therapy, as recently illustrated by BARI in type 2 diabetes (31).

	Conclusions

Top Abstract Methods Results Discussion Conclusions Author Disclosures Appendix References

 
The 1-year results of the CARDia trial did not demonstrate the noninferiority of PCI versus CABG for revascularization of diabetic patients. However, the results suggest that there could be greater equipoise between the 2 strategies, with the decision to use CABG or PCI being based on information from clinical trials, clinician judgment, and patient preference. Longer-term follow-up of the CARDia trial and data from other ongoing trials such as FREEDOM (Future REvascularization Evaluation in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: Optimal Management of Multivessel Disease) (32) will provide further information on optimal strategies for coronary revascularization in diabetic patients.

	Author Disclosures

Top Abstract Methods Results Discussion Conclusions Author Disclosures Appendix References

 
Dr. Kapur has received an unrestricted grant for research from Boston Scientific, research support from Servier, on the advisory board of Terumo and Eli Lilly, honoraria from Pfizer and AstraZeneca, and an educational grant from Cordis. Dr. Hall has received consultation fees from AstraZeneca, travel grants from Cordis, AstraZeneca, and Takeda, and speaker fees from AstraZeneca and Pfizer. Dr. Malik has received speaker fees from Medtronic and Boston Scientific. Dr. Qureshi has received travel and educational grants from Boston Scientific, Eli Lilly, The Medicines Company, and Medtronic. Dr. Mark de Belder has received unrestricted departmental research grants from Cordis, Abbott Vascular, and Boston Scientific; honoraria for UK coordinator duties for FINESSE (Eli Lilly), ASSENT-4 PCI (Boehringer Ingelheim), and REDEEM (Boehringer Ingelheim); and is on the advisory boards for Cordis, Boehringer Ingelheim, Abbott Vascular, Sanofi-Aventis/Bristol-Myers Squibb. Dr. Baumbach has received speaker fees from Abbott Vascular, Cordis Johnson& Johnson, Boston Scientific, The Medicines Company, and Sanofi; and has received unrestricted educational grants from Boston Scientific, Cordis, and Abbott Vascular. Dr. Adam de Belder has received proctoring fees from Boston Scientific, speaker fees from Abbott Vascular, education fees from Medtronic, and an unrestricted educational grant from Abbott Vascular. Dr. Oldroyd has received honoraria and consulting fees from Biosensors and Boston Scientific. Dr. Flather has received research grants from Sanofi-Aventis, GlaxoSmithKline, and Boehringer Ingelheim; consulting fees from Eisai, Novartis, and Forest Research Labs; and speaker fees from Sanofi-Aventis, Novartis, and Boehringer Ingelheim. Dr. Nihoyannopoulos has received a research grant from Bracco Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Beatt has received honorarium, travel grants, and speaker fees from Boston Scientific, Cordis, Biosensors, Abbott, and Medtronic.

	Appendix

Top Abstract Methods Results Discussion Conclusions Author Disclosures Appendix References

 
For a list of participating centers, primary end point definitions, and the trial committees, please see the online version of this article.

	Footnotes

 
Funding for the study was provided by unrestricted research grants from Eli Lilly, Cordis Johnson & Johnson, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Sanofi-Aventis, and the Hammersmith Hospitals Special Trustees. Further support was obtained from Boston Scientific, Medtronic, Guidant, and Jomed. This was an investigator-initiated and independently managed trial. The trial was initially coordinated at the Hammersmith Hospital (now part of Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust) and from 2005 on at the Royal Brompton Hospital. The study design, data management, coordination, and analysis were all undertaken independent of all funding sources. For full author disclosures, please see the end of this paper.

	References

Top Abstract Methods Results Discussion Conclusions Author Disclosures Appendix References

 
1. Daemen J, Kuck KH, Macaya C, et al. Multivessel stenting in patients with and without diabetes mellitus: 3-year follow-up of the ARTS-II (Arterial Revascularization Therapies Study-Part II) trial J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:1957-1967.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

2. Stein B, Weintraub WS, Gebhart SP, et al. Influence of diabetes mellitus on early and late outcome after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty Circulation 1995;91:979-989.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

3. Kip KE, Faxon DP, Detre KM, Yeh W, Kelsey SF, Currier JW. Coronary angioplasty in diabetic patients. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty Registry. Circulation 1996;94:1818-1825.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

4. Alderman EL, Corley SD, Fisher LD, et al. Five-year angiographic follow-up of factors associated with progression of coronary artery disease in the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS). CASS Participating Investigators and Staff. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;22:1141-1154.[Abstract]

5. Thourani VH, Weintraub WS, Stein B, et al. Influence of diabetes mellitus on early and late outcome after coronary artery bypass grafting Ann Thorac Surg 1999;67:1045-1052.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

6. Abizaid A, Costa MA, Centemero M, et al. Clinical and economic impact of diabetes mellitus on percutaneous and surgical treatment of multivessel coronary disease patients: insights from the Arterial Revascularization Therapy Study (ARTS) trial Circulation 2001;104:533-538.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

7. Flaherty JD, Davidson CJ. Diabetes and coronary revascularization JAMA 2005;293:1501-1508.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

8. Marcheix B, Vanden EF, Demers P, Bouchard D, Cartier R. Influence of diabetes mellitus on long-term survival in systematic off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery Ann Thorac Surg 2008;86:1181-1188.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

9. Nicholls SJ, Tuzcu EM, Kalidindi S, et al. Effect of diabetes on progression of coronary atherosclerosis and arterial remodeling: a pooled analysis of 5 intravascular ultrasound trials J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:255-262.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

10. Comparison of coronary bypass surgery with angioplasty in patients with multivessel disease. The Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI) Investigators. N Engl J Med 1996;335:217-225.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

11. Influence of diabetes on 5-year mortality and morbidity in a randomized trial comparing CABG and PTCA in patients with multivessel disease: the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI) Circulation 1997;96:1761-1769.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

12. Morice MC, Serruys PW, Sousa JE, et al. A randomized comparison of a sirolimus-eluting stent with a standard stent for coronary revascularization N Engl J Med 2002;346:1773-1780.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

13. Moses JW, Leon MB, Popma JJ, et al. Sirolimus-eluting stents versus standard stents in patients with stenosis in a native coronary artery N Engl J Med 2003;349:1315-1323.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

14. Steinhubl SR, Berger PB, Mann III JT, et al. Early and sustained dual oral antiplatelet therapy following percutaneous coronary intervention: a randomized controlled trial JAMA 2002;288:2411-2420.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

15. The EPIC Investigators Use of a monoclonal antibody directed against the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor in high-risk coronary angioplasty. The EPIC Investigation. N Engl J Med 1994;330:956-961.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

16. Acar C, Ramsheyi A, Pagny JY, et al. The radial artery for coronary artery bypass grafting: clinical and angiographic results at five years J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998;116:981-989.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

17. Taggart DP, D'Amico R, Altman DG. Effect of arterial revascularisation on survival: a systematic review of studies comparing bilateral and single internal mammary arteries Lancet 2001;358:870-875.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

18. Moller CH, Penninga L, Wetterslev J, Steinbruchel DA, Gluud C. Clinical outcomes in randomized trials of off- vs. on-pump coronary artery bypass surgery: systematic review with meta-analyses and trial sequential analyses Eur Heart J 2008;29:2601-2616.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

19. Kapur A, Malik IS, Bagger JP, et al. The Coronary Artery Revascularisation in Diabetes (CARDia) trial: background, aims, and design Am Heart J 2005;149:13-19.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

20. Bhatt DL, Marso SP, Lincoff AM, Wolski KE, Ellis SG, Topol EJ. Abciximab reduces mortality in diabetics following percutaneous coronary intervention J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:922-928.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

21. Farrington CP, Manning G. Test statistics and sample size formulae for comparative binomial trials with null hypothesis of non-zero risk difference or non-unity relative risk Stat Med 1990;9:1447-1454.[Web of Science][Medline]

22. Serruys PW, Morice MC, Kappetein AP, et al. Percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary-artery bypass grafting for severe coronary artery disease N Engl J Med 2009;360:961-972.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

23. Harris MI, Flegal KM, Cowie CC, et al. Prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance in U.S. adults. The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Diabetes Care 1998;21:518-524.[Abstract]

24. Harris MI. Diabetes in America: epidemiology and scope of the problem Diabetes Care 1998;21(Suppl 3):C11-C14.[Web of Science][Medline]

25. Kannel WB, McGee DL. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The Framingham study. JAMA 1979;241:2035-2038.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

26. Serruys PW, Ong AT, Morice MC, et al. Arterial Revascularisation Therapies Study Part II: sirolimus-eluting stents for the treatment of patients with multivessel de novo coronary artery lesions Eurointervention 2005;1:147-156.[Medline]

27. SoS Investigators Coronary artery bypass surgery versus percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease (the Stent or Surgery trial): a randomised controlled trial Lancet 2002;360:965-970.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

28. Serruys PW, Unger F, Sousa JE, et al. Comparison of coronary-artery bypass surgery and stenting for the treatment of multivessel disease N Engl J Med 2001;344:1117-1124.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

29. Hlatky MA, Boothroyd DB, Bravata DM, et al. Coronary artery bypass surgery compared with percutaneous coronary interventions for multivessel disease: a collaborative analysis of individual patient data from ten randomised trials Lancet 2009;373:1190-1197.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

30. Fox KA, Poole-Wilson P, Clayton TC, et al. 5-year outcome of an interventional strategy in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome: the British Heart Foundation RITA 3 randomised trial Lancet 2005;366:914-920.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

31. Frye RL, August P, Brooks MM, et al. A randomized trial of therapies for type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease N Engl J Med 2009;360:2503-2515.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

32. Farkouh ME, Dangas G, Leon MB, et al. Design of the Future REvascularization Evaluation in patients with Diabetes mellitus: Optimal management of Multivessel disease (FREEDOM) trial Am Heart J 2008;155:215-223.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Related Article

Inside This Issue
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2010 55: A32. [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article Abstract Figures Only Full Text (PDF) Online Appendix All Versions of this Article: j.jacc.2009.10.014v1 55/5/432    most recent Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Google Scholar Articles by Kapur, A. Articles by Beatt, K. J. PubMed Articles by Kapur, A. Articles by Beatt, K. J. Related Collections Related Article