CLINICAL RESEARCH: CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
Association of Plasma Levels of F11 Receptor/Junctional Adhesion Molecule-A (F11R/JAM-A) With Human Atherosclerosis
Erdal Cavusoglu, MD*, ,*,
Elizabeth Kornecki, PhD ,
Malgorzata B. Sobocka, PhD,
Anna Babinska, PhD,
Yigal H. Ehrlich, PhD||,
Vineet Chopra, MD,
Sunitha Yanamadala, PhD#,
Cyril Ruwende, MD, PhD#,
Moro O. Salifu, MD ,
Luther T. Clark, MD, FACC*,
Calvin Eng, MD, FACC,
David J. Pinsky, MD, FACC# and
Jonathan D. Marmur, MD, FACC*
* Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
Department of Medicine, Bronx Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York
|| Program in Neuroscience, College of Staten Island of the City University of New York, Staten Island, New York
# Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Manuscript received March 13, 2007;
revised manuscript received May 3, 2007,
accepted May 28, 2007.
* Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Erdal Cavusoglu, SUNY Health Science Center at Brooklyn, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Box 1257, Brooklyn, New York 11203-2098. (Email: ecavusoglu{at}aol.com).
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Abstract
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Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the association of the F11 receptor (F11R) with human vascular disease.
Background: A molecule identified as critical for platelet adhesion to a cytokine-inflamed endothelial surface in vitro is F11R. The F11R is known to be expressed in platelets and endothelium and reported recently to be overexpressed in atherosclerotic plaques.
Methods: A novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed for the measurement of soluble F11R in human plasma. The F11R levels, along with a number of other biomarkers, were measured in 389 male patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease (CAD) undergoing coronary angiography at a Veterans Administration Medical Center.
Results: Patients with normal or nonobstructive disease (CAD angiographic score of 0), mild-to-moderate disease (score of 1 to 3), and severe disease (score of 4 to 6) had median F11R plasma levels of 38.6 pg/ml (mean 260 ± 509.6 pg/ml), 45.2 pg/ml (mean 395.3 ± 752.7 pg/ml), and 105.8 pg/ml (mean 629 ± 831.7 pg/ml), respectively (p = 0.03). By multivariate analysis, the variables independently associated with CAD score were age, hyperlipidemia, chronic renal insufficiency, left ventricular function, and plasma F11R levels. The F11R was the only biomarker that was independently associated with CAD score. Consistent with the previously reported effects of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha on F11R expression in cultured endothelial cells, F11R levels correlated strongly with plasma TNF-alpha levels (r = 0.84; p < 0.0001).
Conclusions: Plasma F11R is independently associated with the presence and severity of angiographically defined CAD. By virtue of its strong correlation to plasma TNF-alpha, F11R may be an important mediator of the effects of inflammation on the vessel wall. Strategies that block F11R may represent a novel approach to the treatment of human atherosclerosis.
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Abbreviations and Acronyms
| | BSA = bovine serum albumin | | CAD = coronary artery disease | | CRI = chronic renal insufficiency | | ELISA = enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay | | ESR = erythrocyte sedimentation rate | | F11R = F11 receptor | | HRP = horseradish peroxidase | | hs-CRP = high-sensitivity C-reactive protein | | JAM-A = junctional adhesion molecule-A | | LV = left ventricular | | MI = myocardial infarction | | MMP = matrix metalloproteinase | | PAI = plasminogen activator inhibitor | | PBS = phosphate-buffered saline | | RANTES = regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted | | TIMP = tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase | | TNF = tumor necrosis factor |
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There is a growing body of evidence showing that the interaction between platelets and endothelial cells contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (1). Platelet adhesion to the inflamed endothelium triggers the formation of thrombi leading to atherosclerotic lesions (2). A key molecule identified as critical for platelet adhesion to an activated endothelial surface is the F11 receptor (F11R) (3). The F11R is a novel cell adhesion molecule that is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily and a human orthologue of a murine cell adhesion molecule found in endothelial cells known as junctional adhesion molecule A, or JAM-A (4,5). We have identified, sequenced, and cloned the human gene for F11R/JAM-A and have demonstrated that F11R plays a critical role in the adhesion of platelets to cytokine-inflamed endothelial cells (3,5–7). We have also recently demonstrated very high levels of F11R/JAM-A protein and mRNA in the atherosclerotic plaques of patients with advanced aortic and peripheral vascular disease as well as in an animal model of atherosclerosis and reported data demonstrating a critical role for F11R in triggering atherogenesis (8).
Although these investigations point to a role for F11R in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, there have been no clinical studies to establish a link between circulating plasma F11R and vascular disease in humans. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether plasma levels of soluble F11R correlate with the presence or extent of angiographically defined coronary artery disease (CAD). To this end, we developed a novel F11R enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and report for the first time the detection, quantification, and characterization of F11R in humans. The results have implications for the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting F11R and platelet adhesion and for the use of F11R as a predictor/marker for the early diagnosis of CAD.
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Methods
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Study design.
This study was conducted at an urban Veterans Administration (VA) medical center and was approved by the local institutional review board. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients. Between January 1999 and October 2002, 389 male patients with known or suspected CAD undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography were enrolled in the study. The only exclusion criteria for participation in the study were active gastrointestinal bleeding or the presence of anemia, which was defined as a hemoglobin concentration <8.0 g/dl. Clinical and demographic information was obtained by interview as well as review of computerized medical records. Fasting blood was obtained from all patients at the time of angiography for subsequent analysis.
Blood sampling.
After an overnight fast of at least 12 h, blood was obtained from all patients enrolled in the study. Blood was collected from the arterial sheath (after a 5-ml discard) at the time of angiography but before the injection of contrast material. Blood was immediately placed in vacutainer tubes, spun at 10 g for 20 min in a cold centrifuge, and the plasma aliquoted into multiple 1.5-ml Eppendorf tubes. The samples were subsequently stored at –70°C until analysis at a later date.
Laboratory methods.
Aliquoted plasma samples stored at –70°C were thawed and, using commercially available ELISA kits, the levels of the following biomarkers were measured: tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 (EMD Biosciences, San Diego, Califorinia), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 (EMD Biosciences), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (Life Diagnostics, West Chester, Pennsylvania), plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 (Diapharma, West Chester, Ohio), regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, Minnesota), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha (R&D Systems), insulin (Linco Diagnostics, St. Charles, Missouri), and F11R (R&D Systems; and BD Biosciences, San Jose, California). The sensitivities of the TIMP-1, MMP-9, hs-CRP, PAI-1, RANTES, TNF-alpha, insulin, and F11R assays were 0.0096 ng/ml, 0.1 ng/ml, 0.1 mg/l, 0.5 ng/ml, 15.6 pg/ml, 15.6 pg/ml, 2 µU/ml, and 15.6 pg/ml, respectively. The intra-assay coefficients of variation for TIMP-1, MMP-9, hs-CRP, PAI-1, RANTES, TNF-alpha, insulin, and F11R were <5.2%, <10%, <7.6%, <3.0%, <5.0%, <10%, <7.0%, and <10%, respectively.
Development of ELISA for F11R.
Antibodies and reagents
Biotinylated antihuman JAM-A antibody, recombinant human JAM-A/Fc chimera, streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugate, buffers, HRP substrate and stop solution were purchased from R&D Systems. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, Missouri), Nunc-Immuno Maxi Absorp 96-well plates were obtained from VWR (Bridgeport, New Jersey), and M.Ab.F11, an F11R/JAM-A monoclonal antibody developed and characterized in our laboratory (3), was purchased from BD PharMingen Biosciences (Palo Alto, California).
Preparation of reagents for the f11r elisa
Aliquots of recombinant human JAM-A/Fc chimera (50 µg) were reconstituted with sterile 0.1% BSA–phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) to a final concentration of 100 µg/ml and stored at –70°C. Freshly-prepared M.Ab.F11 was diluted with sterile PBS to a final concentration of 4 µg/ml, and biotinylated antihuman JAM-A antibody was diluted to a final concentration of 200 ng/ml with 0.1% BSA-PBS. The stock solution of streptavidin-HRP conjugate was diluted 400x in 0.1% BSA-PBS. The substrate solution was prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions 15 min before use, and the wash buffer was diluted 25x with distilled H2O. Freshly prepared blocking solution (1% BSA in PBS) and stock solutions were stored at –70°C.
Performance of f11r elisa
The Nunc-Immuno Maxi Absorp 96-well plates were coated with M.Ab.F11 (4 µg/ml), incubated at 23°C overnight, washed 3 times with wash buffer, and incubated with 1% BSA-PBS for 2 h at 23°C. For preparation of the F11R standard curve, a series of dilutions of the recombinant human JAM-A/Fc protein in 0.1% BSA-PBS were prepared. Aliquots of these dilutions and aliquots of undiluted patient plasma samples (100 µl) were added to wells in triplicate. After a 2-h incubation period, biotinylated antihuman JAM-A antibody (200 ng/ml) was added and the plates incubated for 1 h 45 min at 23°C. After washings, diluted streptavidin-HRP (1:400, 100 µl/well) was added and the plates incubated for 30 min. After each step, the plates were washed 3 times with wash buffer. The freshly prepared substrate solution (100 µl/well) was then added and the plates incubated for an additional 30 minutes. Absorption was measured at 450 nm within 30 min. Reagent controls were subtracted from the sample values.
Determination of serum f11r levels in healthy controls
Fifteen control samples were obtained for the determination of basal levels of F11R from healthy adult male volunteers. These control donors were free of any known medical diseases or acute illnesses, and were not on any medications. Whole blood (10 ml) was obtained by venipuncture of the anticubital vein. After clot formation and retraction, samples were centrifuged at 223 g for 10 min at 22°C, and serum samples were collected and frozen at –20°C. The median serum level for this healthy control group was 36.0 pg/ml (mean 33.71 ± 20.9 pg/ml).
Definition of risk factors and clinical syndromes.
Diabetes was defined as clinically known and treated diabetes mellitus. Patients were diagnosed as hypertensive if they were documented to have a blood pressure >140/90 mm Hg on more than 2 occasions or were already on antihypertensive therapy. Hyperlipidemia was diagnosed in patients who had been given lipid-lowering medication or had a history of total cholesterol levels >240 mg/dl (9). Smoking was defined as the inhaled use of cigarettes, cigars, or pipes in any quantity. Smokers were classified as former only if they had not smoked at all in the 6 months preceding the date of angiography. Obesity was defined as a body mass index  30 kg/m2. Chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) was defined as a serum creatinine 2.0 mg/dl. Congestive heart failure on presentation was defined as the presence of either radiographic or clinical evidence of pulmonary venous congestion within the preceding 24 h of angiography. Myocardial infarction (MI) on presentation was diagnosed by a history of chest discomfort and troponin I >1.0 ng/ml.
Angiographic scoring system.
A previously described and validated angiographic scoring system was used for the present analysis (10). The scoring system was specifically designed to take into account both native vessel (including left main coronary artery) and bypass graft disease. It was based on the traditional definition of an angiographically significant stenosis as one with a >50% obstruction and the anatomic territory subtended by the diseased artery or graft. Using visual estimation of stenosis severity, angiograms were scored as follows. Any obstructive lesion 50% in 1 of the 3 coronary arteries or their major (2.5 mm) branches received a score of 1. Multiple obstructive lesions 50% in a single artery or one of its major branches still only received a score of 1, except in the case of a left dominant system. In the case of a left-dominant system, an obstruction 50% in the proximal portion of the left circumflex artery received a score of 2. Similarly, in a left-dominant system, an obstruction 50% in both a large obtuse marginal branch and a left posterior descending artery (PDA) also received a score of 2. On the other hand, an obstruction 50% in a left-dominant system that was isolated to either a left PDA or an obtuse marginal (but not both) received a score of 1. An obstruction of 50% in the left main coronary artery received a score of 2 in a right-dominant system and 3 in a left-dominant system. A bypass graft with an obstructive lesion 50% received a score of 1. Patent grafts or those with an obstructive lesion <50% received a score of 0.
Angiograms were scored by 2 angiographers working independently. Any differences in interpretation (7%) were subsequently reconciled. The operators scoring the angiograms were blinded to the results of any subsequent laboratory analysis.
Left ventricular (LV) systolic function was assessed by contrast ventriculography and categorized as normal (ejection fraction [EF] 55%) or mildly (EF 45% to 54%), moderately (EF 31% to 44%), or severely (EF  30%) reduced. These 4 categories of LV systolic function were scored as 0, 1, 2, and 3, respectively.
Statistical methods.
The study population was divided into 3 groups based on the CAD score as follows: 1) normal or nonobstructive disease (CAD score 0); 2) mild to moderate disease (CAD score 1 to 3); and 3) severe disease (CAD score 4 to 6).
Summary statistics for the continuous variables were presented both as mean (with standard deviation) and as median (with interquartile range), and comparisons between the 3 groups were performed with the nonparametric Kruskall-Wallis test. Data for the biomarkers were presented as median values, and as 25th and 75th percentile values. The associations between the biomarkers and both F11R and angiographic score were assessed with the Spearman rank correlation. Categoric data were summarized as frequencies and percentages, and the comparisons between the 3 groups were performed with the Pearson chi-square test or the Fisher exact test. The relations between plasma F11R levels and the cardiovascular risk factors such family history, diabetes, hypertension, history of tobacco, active tobacco use, obesity, and hyperlipidemia were established with the Wilcoxon rank sum test.
The variables associated with CAD score were identified with univariate linear regression. Multivariate linear regression with backward selection of variables was used to identify those variables that were independently associated with CAD score. For the linear regression analyses, all biomarkers (except troponin I) were log-transformed to reduce the skewness and kurtosis of the data.
All analyses used 2-sided tests with an overall significance level of alpha = 0.05.
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Results
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Baseline characteristics.
A total of 389 male patients were enrolled in the study. The baseline clinical and laboratory characteristics of the study population stratified by angiographic score are shown in Table 1.
More advanced levels of CAD were seen in association with age, hyperlipidemia, CHF on presentation, MI on presentation, prior coronary artery bypass graft surgery, statin use, beta-blocker use, higher troponin I levels, and hypertension (borderline significance). Of the biomarkers assayed, only F11R levels were significantly associated with increasing CAD score (Table 1). Specifically, patients with normal or nonobstructive disease (CAD score of 0), mild to moderate disease (CAD score of 1 to 3), and severe disease (CAD score of 4 to 6) had median F11R plasma levels of 38.6 pg/ml (mean 260 ± 509.6 pg/ml), 45.2 pg/ml (mean 395.3 ± 752.7 pg/ml), and 105.8 pg/ml (mean 629 ± 831.7 pg/ml), respectively (p = 0.03) (Fig. 1).
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Figure 1 Plasma F11R Levels as a Function of CAD Score
Results are presented as mean ± SEM. There was a progressive and significant increase in plasma F11 receptor (F11R) levels with an increasing coronary artery disease (CAD) score when patients were grouped as having normal or nonobstructive disease (score of 0), mild to moderate disease (score of 1 to 3), and severe disease (score of 4 to 6). p = 0.0329 by the Wilcoxon rank-sum test.
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Association of F11R with clinical characteristics and other biomarkers.
There was no association between plasma F11R and any of the traditional cardiovascular risk factors, with the exception of former and active tobacco use (Table 2). With respect to medication use, patients on beta-blocker therapy had lower median F11R levels compared with those not on such therapy (40.3 vs. 83.7 pg/ml, respectively; p < 0.05).
There was an inverse correlation between F11R levels and the presence of MI. Patients presenting with MI had lower median plasma F11R levels compared with those patients presenting with chest pain and no enzymatic evidence of myocardial damage (34.3 vs. 58.4 pg/ml, respectively; p = 0.0076).
With respect to plasma biomarkers, plasma F11R levels were positively associated with TNF-alpha, RANTES, PAI-1, MMP-9, insulin, and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (Table 3). Of these positive correlations, the most significant was the correlation between F11R and TNF-alpha (r = 0.84; p < 0.0001), a prespecified analysis based on the basic science laboratory observation that TNF-alpha increases the expression of F11R/JAM-A in cultured endothelial cells (Fig. 2) (6).
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Figure 2 Correlation Between Plasma F11R and TNF-alpha Levels
There was a very strong and highly significant correlation (r = 0.84; p < 0.0001) between the plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and F11 receptor (F11R) in the entire cohort of patients, consistent with the in vitro observations that TNF-alpha increases the expression of F11R in cultured endotheial cells (6).
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Association of F11R with angiographic score.
The following baseline clinical and laboratory characteristics were found to be associated with CAD score on univariate analysis: age, hypertension, active tobacco use, hyperlipidemia, CRI, plasma F11R, ESR, TIMP-1, hs-CRP, ratio of TIMP-1/MMP-9, LV function, beta-blocker use, and statin use (Table 4). By multivariate analysis, the variables that were independently associated with CAD score were age, hyperlipidemia, CRI, LV function, beta-blocker use, and plasma F11R (Table 5). Thus, F11R was the only biomarker that was independently associated with CAD score (p = 0.0091) (Table 5).
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Discussion
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The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is multifactorial, but the initiating process considered to be most essential is the deposition and oxidation of lipids in the vascular wall, with the subsequent generation of a dysfunctional endothelium (1). Through the expression of a variety of well-characterized adhesion molecules (such as members of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily, the integrin family, and the selectin family), dysfunctional endothelium attracts circulating inflammatory cells into the subendothelial space (11,12). This now inflamed and dysfunctional endothelium also attracts platelets, but the pathways through which this occurs have been less well characterized. A key molecule recently identified as critical for platelet adhesion to inflamed endothelium is F11R. The F11R is a cell adhesion molecule, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily constitutively expressed on the surface of human platelets, that has been demonstrated to play a role in platelet aggregation, secretion, adhesion, and spreading (3,5–7). The same molecule is also present at tight junctions of endothelial cells, where it is known as JAM-A and acts as a cell adhesion molecule through homophilic interactions (4). We have previously demonstrated that F11R plays a critical role in atherogenesis, providing over 50% of the force of the adhesion of platelets to cytokine-inflamed endothelial cells (6). In addition, using molecular and immunofluorescence techniques, we have recently demonstrated that F11R expression (both protein and mRNA) is increased in the atherosclerotic plaques of surgically excised human specimens with advanced disease (8). However, to date there have been no clinical studies of circulating plasma F11R in human atherosclerosis.
In the present study, we show for the first time that significantly higher levels of plasma F11R are found in patients with more advanced angiographically documented coronary artery disease. Furthermore, on multivariate analysis this association is independent of other factors that correlated with atherosclerosis. Our findings are in accord with the growing body of evidence that the adhesion of platelets to the vessel wall, with their subsequent activation and aggregation, contributes directly to the development and progression of atherosclerosis (1,13–16). Although there is incontrovertible evidence supporting the role of platelets in the acute thrombotic complications of atherosclerosis (17,18), the concept that platelet adhesion to an atherosclerotic lesion may influence plaque progression and stability has only recently received attention. For example, concurrent inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and -2, but not selective inhibition of COX-2, has been shown to cause a significant reduction in experimental atherosclerotic lesions in the mouse (13). Huo et al (15). have also recently demonstrated that circulating activated platelets promote monocyte recruitment to atherosclerotic arteries and accelerate the formation of atherosclerotic lesions in mice deficient in apolipoprotein E.
The findings of the present study are also in accord with our previously reported observation that TNF-alpha increases the endothelial expression of F11R/JAM-A, leading to increased adhesion of platelets which can in turn be blocked by specific inhibitory peptides of the action of F11R (6). In the present study, the correlation of F11R with TNF-alpha was highly significant and is the first clinical data to supports the experimental observations. Furthermore, the absence of a correlation between TNF-alpha and the other tested biomarkers supports the specificity of the TNF-alpha/F11R relationship. In total, these findings solidify the linkage between TNF-alpha, F11R expression, and the inflammatory process in human atherosclerosis.
The finding of a soluble fragment of the extracellular domain of F11R, a cell surface-bound transmembrane receptor, in a circulating soluble form is not unique. One potential mechanism is that F11R is shed from endothelial cells and/or platelets through a pathway involving enzymatic cleavage at a site in close proximity to the membrane, resulting in the release of the extracellular domain of F11R into the circulation. Such cleavage mechanisms have been reported for L-selectin (19,20) and for the beta-integrin glycoprotein IIIa (21), resulting in the shedding of fragments of these molecules. Whether the platelets or the endothelium are the source of the circulating F11R is not known. The direct demonstration of soluble F11R shedding during or after adhesion of human platelets to cytokine-inflamed endothelial cells is an area of continued basic research on F11R.
Finally, our findings of an inverse correlation between plasma F11R levels and the presence of MI may at first seem counterintuitive. However, it is conceivable that the pool of unbound circulating soluble F11R is diminished in the context of acute coronary syndromes by virtue of its binding to activated platelets, inflamed endothelium, and leukocytes (22–24). Alternatively, the decreased levels of soluble F11R protein may relate to the release of proteases from activated platelets that degrade F11R to smaller fragments, a mechanism that has been reported for other platelet proteins (21,25,26). It is also noteworthy that in its active conformation, the F11R molecule is phosphorylated in its extracellular domain (27). It is possible that in the setting of acute MI (i.e., activated platelets, local release of adenosine triphosphate from dense granules, elevated levels of proteases such as thrombin) changes in phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of the F11R molecule may result in enhanced proteolysis of F11R with a subsequent decrease in plasma levels.
Study limitations.
There are several limitations of this study. First, the study was conducted in an exclusively male population. Second, the study population was relatively small, and larger studies in both men and women are needed to determine the factors that influence plasma F11R levels in the absence of atherosclerotic disease. Third, the study involved the measurement of a single baseline determination of plasma F11R and it is unclear whether the results would differ substantially with repeated measurements that could be affected by such factors as diurnal variation. Fourth, the lack of intravascular ultrasound limits the ability to correlate plasma F11R levels with the pathobiology of the vessel wall. Finally, the effects of concurrent illness on plasma F11R levels are still unknown.
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Conclusions
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The observations derived from this study are consistent with the growing body of evidence demonstrating the importance of platelets in the early phases of atherosclerosis and the critical role of F11R/JAM-A in triggering atherogenesis. The F11R appears to play a significant role in the development or progression of CAD. In particular, by virtue of its high correlation with plasma TNF-alpha, F11R may be an important mediator of the effects of inflammation on the vessel wall. Strategies that block F11R-mediated adhesion of platelets to endothelial cells may represent a novel approach to the treatment and prevention of human atherosclerosis.
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Footnotes
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Supported by grant 5R21HL075586-02 from the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, and by funds from the Bronx Veterans Affairs Medical Center Research Foundation, the Research Foundation of the State University of New York, and the Cardiovascular Medicine Division of the University of Michigan School of Medicine.
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1777 - 1780.
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Abstract
Methods