CLINICAL RESEARCH: INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGY
Appearance of Lipid-Laden Intima and Neovascularization After Implantation of Bare-Metal StentsExtended Late-Phase Observation by Intracoronary Optical Coherence Tomography
Masamichi Takano, MD*,*,
Masanori Yamamoto, MD ,
Shigenobu Inami, MD*,
Daisuke Murakami, MD,
Takayoshi Ohba, MD,
Yoshihiko Seino, MD and
Kyoichi Mizuno, MD*
* Division of Cardiology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
Cardiovascular Center, Chiba-Hokusoh Hospital, Nippon Medical School, Chiba, Japan
Manuscript received May 27, 2009;
revised manuscript received August 28, 2009,
accepted August 31, 2009.
* Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Masamichi Takano, Division of Cardiology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan (Email: takanom{at}nms.ac.jp).
 |
Abstract
|
|---|
Objectives: We examined the neointimal characteristics of bare-metal stents (BMS) in extended late phase by the use of optical coherence tomography (OCT).
Background: The long-term neointimal features after BMS implantation have not yet been fully characterized.
Methods: Intracoronary OCT observation of BMS segments was performed during the early phase (<6 months, n = 20) and late phase ( 5 years, n = 21) after implantation. Internal tissue of the BMS was categorized into normal neointima, characterized by a signal-rich band without signal attenuation, or lipid-leaden intima, with marked signal attenuation and a diffuse border. In addition, the presence of disrupted intima and thrombus was evaluated. Neovascularization was defined as small vesicular or tubular structures, and the location of the microvessels was classified into peristent or intraintima.
Results: Normal neointima proliferated homogeneously, and lipid-laden intima was not observed in the early phase. In the late phase, lipid-laden intima, intimal disruption, and thrombus frequently were found in comparison with the early phase (67% vs. 0%, 38% vs. 0%, and 52% vs. 5%, respectively; p < 0.05). Peristent neovascularization demonstrated a similar incidence between the 2 phases. The appearance of intraintima neovascularization was more prevalent in the late phase than the early phase (62% vs. 0%, respectively; p < 0.01) and in segments with lipid-laden intima than in nonlipidic segments (79% vs. 29%, respectively; p = 0.026).
Conclusions: This OCT study suggests that neointima within the BMS often transforms into lipid-laden tissue during an extended period of time and that expansion of neovascularization from peristent to intraintima contributes to atherosclerotic progression of neointima.
Key Words: neointima • stents • thrombus
|
Abbreviations and Acronyms
| | ACS = acute coronary syndrome | | BMS = bare-metal stent(s) | | DS = diameter stenosis | | ISR = in-stent restenosis | | OCT = optical coherence tomography | | TCFA = thin-cap fibroatheroma | | TLR = target lesion revascularization |
|
Bare-metal stents (BMS) implantation is a standard therapy in percutaneous coronary intervention. Histopathologically, neointima are mainly composed of vascular smooth muscle cells proliferating over stent struts associated with vascular healing response in the early phase (1). Although the authors of several clinical follow-up studies (2,3) have shown the long-term efficacy and safety of BMS, progressive lumen narrowing presenting with angiographic in-stent restenosis (ISR) is significantly associated with late adverse events such as thrombosis and myocardial infarction from 5 to 10 years after the struts are deployed (2,3). Therefore, a hypothesis has arisen that neointimal tissue inside the BMS changes during a 5-year period. Intracoronary optical coherence tomography (OCT) with high-resolution images ( 10 µm) provides visualization of microstructures on vessel walls and accurate tissue characterization in living patients (4–6). This OCT examination focusing on features inside the BMS was performed to validate neointimal changes during an extended period (5 years) after their implantation.
|
Methods
|
|---|
Patient selection.
Angiographic and OCT examinations after successful BMS implantation were performed in 20 patients <6 months (early-phase group) and 21 patients 5 years (late-phase group). Patients of the late-phase group received plural examinations, one at <6 months (angiography alone as first follow-up) and one at 5 years (angiography and OCT as last follow-up). The reason for the last follow-up was: 1) evidence of myocardial ischemia such as silent myocardial ischemia, stable angina, or acute coronary syndrome (ACS) (7); or 2) planned follow-up angiography for other stent segments. Partial data of the early-phase group were reported previously (8), and patients who had undergone target lesion revascularization (TLR) due to ISR were excluded to estimate the natural process of the initial BMS. All patients provided their informed consent for the procedure, which was approved by the institutional review board.
Angiographic analysis.
Coronary angiograms were analyzed by quantitative coronary angiography with a computer-assisted, automated edge detection algorithm (CMS, MEDIS, Nuenen, the Netherlands). The reference vessel diameter, minimum lumen diameter, and diameter stenosis (DS) were measured. We defined ISR as 50% of DS. Any angiographic abnormal findings (filling defect, haziness, or lumen irregularity) were qualitatively evaluated.
OCT imaging and analysis.
The OCT procedure and anatomical exclusion criteria have been previously reported (8). The tissue inside the BMS was categorized as follows: 1) normal neointima, a signal-rich band without signal attenuation (9); 2) cholesterol crystals (i.e., oriented, linear, highly reflecting structures) (10); 3) calcification (i.e., well-delineated, signal-poor mass with sharp border) (4); and 4) lipid-leaden intima (i.e., diffuse border, signal-poor region due to marked signal attenuation) (4) (Fig. 1). Thrombus was defined as a mass protruding into the lumen (dimension 250 µm) (5), and disrupted intima were evaluated. Neovascularization differentiated from any side branches was defined as small vesicular or tubular structures (diameter  300 µm), and the location of the microvessels was divided into peristent (attaching to stent struts or exterior the center between the struts and lumen) or intraintima (interior the center between the struts and lumen) (Fig. 2). The minimum lumen area and maximum angle of lipid distribution were measured. When fibrous cap thickness at the thinnest part was 65 µm and angle of lipidic tissue was 180° (6), the intima was defined as a thin-cap fibroatheroma (TCFA)-like intima.
View larger version (161K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
[Download PPT slide]
|
Figure 1 Normal Intima and Atherosclerotic Intima
Struts of a bare-metal stent (BMS) are clearly identified as high-signal spots with shadows (white arrowheads). (A) Homogeneous high-signal band within the BMS shows proliferating normal neointima. (B) Cholesterol crystals (red arrow) are recognized as linear, marked high-signal structures within the BMS. (C) A well-delineated, signal-poor mass with sharp border shows a calcified nodule (red arrows). (D) Lipid-laden intima is observed as a signal-poor area with diffuse border (*). The stent struts in this area are invisible. This cross section shows thin-cap fibroatheroma-like intima (the thinnest fibrous cap = 30 µm; arrow, angle of lipidic tissue = 184.5°).
|
|
View larger version (165K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
[Download PPT slide]
|
Figure 2 Thrombus, Intimal Disruption, and Neovascularization
White arrowheads indicate stent struts. (A) A massive thrombus protruding into the lumen (red arrow) and lipid-laden intima (*) are found in a patient with unstable angina. (B) Disrupted intima (red arrow) and lipidic tissue (*) are seen. (C) A cluster of small vesicular structures around stent struts, peristent neovascularization (red arrows) is observed in a patient of the early phase group. Normal neointima circumferentially covers the struts. (D) Intraintima neovascularization (red arrows) is seen as tubular and vesicular structures nearby the lumen. Neovascular beds are located at the margins of the lipidic area (*). A microvessel at the 9-o'clock region is expanding from the peristent into the intima.
|
|
Statistical analysis.
Data are presented as mean ± SD. Categorical variables are presented as frequencies, and they were analyzed by the Fisher exact test or chi-square test. Continuous data were tested by paired or unpaired Student t test. A p value <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
|
Results
|
|---|
Patient characteristics.
Baseline characteristics, including coronary risk factors and the reason for BMS implantation, were similar between the early- and late-phase groups (Table 1).
Angiographic findings and clinical presentations.
The early- and late-phase groups consisted of 22 stents in 20 segments and 24 stents in 21 segments, respectively. The quantitative coronary angiography parameters did not differ between the early-phase group and the first follow-up of the late-phase group. In the late-phase group, myocardial ischemia was documented in 2 patients with silent myocardial ischemia, 7 patients with stable angina, and 4 patients with ACS (3 unstable angina and 1 acute myocardial infarction). The minimum lumen diameter was smaller and DS was greater at the last follow-up in comparison with the early-phase group and the first follow-up, and angiographic abnormalities were observed in 3 ACS patients (1 haziness and 2 wall irregularities). New ISR occurred at the last follow-up in 13 patients, and they received clinical-driven TLR (Table 2). There were no differences in procedural and clinical characteristics between patients with and without ISR.
OCT findings.
In the early-phase group, normal neointima was observed in all cross sections of the patients. There was 1 thrombus in 1 case (5%). In the late-phase group, calcification, cholesterol crystals, lipid-laden intima, disruption, and thrombus accounted for 10%, 14%, 67%, 38%, and 52% of patients, respectively. The angle of lipid-laden intima and thickness of fibrous cap was 213 ± 84° (range 86° to 360°) and 80 ± 59 µm (range 30 to 250 µm) in 14 patients who had lipid-laden intima, and TCFA-like intima was observed in 6 patients (29%). The frequencies of abnormal findings were greater in the late phase than in the early phase (Fig. 3). The minimum lumen area was smaller in the late phase in comparison with the early phase (3.4 ± 2.4 mm2 vs. 5.2 ± 1.9 mm2; p = 0.011). Overall, neovascularization was found at the ratio of 60% in the early-phase group and of 86% in the late-phase group (p = 0.06), and neovascularization of the early-phase group was localized in the peristent area. Although the incidence of peristent neovascularization was similar between the 2 groups (60% and 81%, respectively; p = 0.14), intraintima neovascularization was more prevalent in the late phase than in the early phase (62% vs. 0%) (Fig. 4). The change in DS between the first and last follow-ups was greater, and ratios of ISR and TLR were greater in patients (or segments) with lipid-laden intima in comparison with those without lipid-laden intima (Table 3). Lipid-laden intima was more frequent in symptomatic than in asymptomatic patients (p < 0.001). The frequencies of disruption, thrombus, and intraintima neovascularization were greater in segments with lipid-laden intima than in those without lipid-laden intima (Fig. 5). There was no relationship between intraintima neovascularization and thrombus formation (p = 0.39). In the late phase, 4 patients with ACS had both intimal disruption and thrombus and they showed angiographic ISR (Fig. 6).
View larger version (19K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
[Download PPT slide]
|
Figure 3 Frequencies of Atherosclerotic Findings
In the late phase, several kinds of atherosclerotic changes are found. The frequencies of lipid-laden intima, disruption, and thrombus are significantly greater in the late phase than in the early phase.  p < 0.001; ¶p < 0.01. TCFA = thin-cap fibroatheroma.
|
|
View larger version (29K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
[Download PPT slide]
|
Figure 4 Prevalence of Neovascularization
The prevalence of overall and peristent neovascularization does not differ between the early and late phase. In contrast, the incidence of intraintima neovascularization is greater in the late phase than in the early phase. p < 0.001.
|
|
View larger version (21K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
[Download PPT slide]
|
Figure 5 Comparison Between Lipidic and Nonlipidic Stent Segments at Late Phase
Stent segments with lipid-laden intima frequently have intimal disruption, thrombus, and intraintima neovascularization in comparison to the segments without lipid-laden intima. Peristent neovascularization is commonly found in both groups. #p < 0.05.
|
|
View larger version (99K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
[Download PPT slide]
|
Figure 6 Angiographic and Optical Coherence Tomographic Findings in the Late Phase
(A) Coronary angiograms of a patient with unstable angina show new in-stent restenosis and haziness in the left anterior descending artery. This patient received stent implantation 131.8 months ago. (B) Optical coherence tomography shows the presence of lipid-laden intima (*), intimal disruption (red arrow), and small thrombus (white arrowhead) within the stent. (C) Another cross section shows intraintima (red arrow) and peristent (white arrowheads) neovascular beds. (D) In this case, coronary stent had been implanted in the left anterior descending artery 68.5 months previously. Angiograms show no in-stent restenosis. (E and F) Normal neointima within the stent and peristent microvessel (red arrow) are observed.
|
|
|
Discussion
|
|---|
This extended late-phase (5 years) OCT observation after BMS implantation demonstrated that: 1) neointima often transforms into lipid-laden tissue with lumen narrowing; 2) neovascularization expanding from the peristent area into the intima may be responsible for atherosclerotic change; and 3) advanced atherosclerotic progression such as intimal disruption and thrombus formation may be associated with recurrence of myocardial ischemia, including ACS.
Proliferating tissue within the BMS segment in the early phase was recognized as homogeneous OCT signals. In contrast, various signal patterns of the late phase indicated growth of several sorts of tissues during an extended period of time. Notably, 67% of the patients had lipid-laden intima, and TCFA-like appearance accounted for 29%. The use of OCT enables one to detect lipidic elements of arterial wall with a high sensitivity and specificity (>90%) (4). Lipid-laden intima was correlated with intimal disruption and thrombus formation, and the rather complex morphology resembled a vulnerable plaque, typically observed at the culprit lesion of ACS (5). A post-mortem pathological study demonstrated that prominent infiltration by lipid-laden macrophages into neointima and adherent thrombus are found on disrupted lumen 4 years after BMS placement (11). Moreover, specimens obtained by directional coronary atherectomy from new ISR lesions >5 years are composed of thrombus and atherosclerotic materials (cholesterol clefts, necrotizing foam cells, and inflammatory cells) facing on healed neointimal layer (12). These pathological findings are consistent with the current OCT findings.
A serial angiographic evaluation of the BMS segments revealed a triphasic luminal response characterized by an early narrowing phase during the course of 6 months, a medium-term regression phase from 6 months to 3 years, and a late narrowing phase beyond 4 years (2). It is understood that early lumen narrowing and medium-term regression are attributed to neointimal thickening by cell proliferation and thinning by neointimal remodeling, respectively (13). The present study showed that lumen narrowing during the late phase, including new appearance of ISR, remarkably increased in segments with lipid-laden intima than in nonlipidic segments. Therefore, activated atherosclerotic processes may promote subsequent neointimal remodeling and late lumen narrowing.
In atheroma of nonstent segments, neovascular networks expand from adventitia into plaque, and intraplaque microvessels bring recruitment of circulating macrophages and erythrocytes through the vasa vasorum. After phagocytosis of erythrocytes containing free cholesterol in their membranes by infiltrated macrophages, the deposition of foam cells and activated macrophages invite enlargement of necrotic core and plaque destabilization (14). Neovascular beds appear in peristent neointimal tissue at early phase after BMS implantation (15). Peristent microvessels probably advance toward the interior and build up intraintima neovascularization with time. The current results indicated that the expression of lipid-laden intima is closely associated with intimal disruption, thrombus formation, and intraintima neovascularization. Therefore, expanded intraintima neovascularization may play a key role in atherosclerotic progression and surrounding tissue instability, as well as intraplaque neovascularization of nonstent segments.
In the current series, ACS increased in 4 patients who showed angiographic ISR and OCT findings of intimal disruption and thrombus. A large-scale angiographic study revealed that ISR in the late phase is significantly associated with adverse cardiac events such as thrombosis and myocardial infarction (3). According to Hasegawa et al. (12), 43% of new ISR lesions that develop beyond 5 years are clinically represented as ACS. Our results propose the concept that thrombus formation originating from atherosclerotic intimal disruption of BMS segment can arise in the extended late phase, and the phenomenon may be one potential cause of very late thrombosis.
Study limitations.
The study population was relatively small, and some selection bias might have influenced the results. Target BMS segments were not serially observed by the use of OCT because this imaging device has only recently been developed. Larger and serial studies are necessary for understanding the differences in intimal degeneration associated with clinical presentation. Although with the use of OCT there is the possibility of identifying neovascularization (6,16), the diagnostic accuracy is indistinct. Signal attenuation due to superficial thrombus (or lipid-laden intima) and limited penetration depth of OCT images (2 mm) interrupted the acquisition of information on the stent (or neointimal) area, vascular remodeling, and neovascularization in deep layers. Finally, intraintima hemorrhage could not be diagnosed because of the absence of OCT criteria.
|
Conclusions
|
|---|
This OCT study suggests that neointima within the BMS often transforms into atherosclerotic tissue in the extended late phase and that atherosclerotic progression of neointima may be attributed to neovascular expansion from peristent to intraintima.
|
References
|
|---|
1. Grewe PH, Deneke T, Machraoui A, et al. Acute and chronic tissue response to coronary stent implantation: pathologic findings in human specimen J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:157-163.[Abstract/Free Full Text]2. Kimura T, Abe K, Shizuta S, et al. Long-term clinical and angiographic follow-up after coronary stent placement in native coronary arteries Circulation 2002;105:2986-2991.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 3. Doyle B, Rihal CS, O'Sullivan CJ, et al. Outcomes of stent thrombosis and restenosis during extended follow-up of patients treated with bare-metal coronary stents Circulation 2007;116:2391-2398.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 4. Yabushita H, Bouma BE, Houser SL, et al. Characterization of human atherosclerosis by optical coherence tomography Circulation 2002;106:1640-1645.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 5. Jang IK, Tearney GJ, MacNeill, et al. In vivo characterization of coronary atherosclerotic plaque by use of optical coherence tomography Circulation 2005;111:1551-1555.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 6. Regar E, van Beusekom HMM, van der Gissen WJ, et al. Optical coherence tomography findings at 5-year follow-up after coronary stent implantation Circulation 2005;112:e345-e346.[Free Full Text] 7. Braunwald E, Antman EM, Beasley JW, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina) J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;36:970-1062.[Free Full Text] 8. Xie Y, Takano M, Murakami D, et al. Comparison of neointimal coverage by optical coherence tomography of a sirolimus-eluting stent versus a bare metal stent three months after implantation Am J Cardiol 2008;102:27-31.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] 9. Murakami D, Takano M, Yamamoto M, et al. Novel neointimal formation over sirolimus-eluting stents identified by coronary angioscopy and optical coherence tomography J Cardiol 2009;53:311-313.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] 10. Tearney GJ, Jang IK, Bouma BE. Evidence of cholesterol crystals in atherosclerotic plaque by optical coherence tomographic (OCT) imaging Eur Heart J 2003;24:1383.[Free Full Text] 11. Inoue K, Abe K, Ando K, et al. Pathological analyses of long-term intracoronary Palmaz-Schatz stenting: is its efficacy permanent? Cardiovasc Pathol 2004;13:109-115.[Web of Science][Medline] 12. Hasegawa K, Tamai H, Kyo E, et al. Histopathological findings of new in-stent lesions developed beyond five years Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2006;68:554-558.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] 13. Asakura M, Ueda Y, Nanto S, et al. Remodeling of in-stent neointima, which became thinner and transparent over 3 years: serial angiographic and angioscopic follow-up Circulation 1998;97:2003-2006.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 14. Kolodgie FD, Gold HK, Burke AP, et al. Intraplaque hemorrhage and progression of coronary atheroma N Engl J Med 2003;349:2316-2325.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] 15. Komatsu R, Ueda M, Naruko T, et al. Neointimal tissue response at sites of coronary stenting in humans: macroscopic, histological, and immunohistochemical analyses Circulation 1998;98:224-233.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 16. Jang IK, Bouma BE, Kang DH, et al. Visualization of coronary atherosclerotic plaques in patients using optical coherence tomography: comparison with intravascular ultrasound J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:604-609.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
Related Articles
-
Late Vascular Healing Response to Stents: New Insights From Optical Coherence Tomography
- Brigitta C. Brott
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2010 55: 33-34.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
-
Inside This Issue
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2010 55: A40.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
|
|
 
H. C. Lowe, J. Narula, J. G. Fujimoto, and I.-K. Jang
Intracoronary Optical Diagnostics: Current Status, Limitations, and Potential
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Intv.,
December 1, 2011;
4(12):
1257 - 1270.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. N. DeMaria, J. J. Bax, O. Ben-Yehuda, G. K. Feld, B. H. Greenberg, J. Hall, M. Hlatky, W. Y. W. Lew, J. A. C. Lima, A. S. Maisel, et al.
Highlights of the Year in JACC 2010
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
January 25, 2011;
57(4):
480 - 514.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. R. Holmes Jr, D. J. Kereiakes, S. Garg, P. W. Serruys, G. J. Dehmer, S. G. Ellis, D. O. Williams, T. Kimura, and D. J. Moliterno
Stent Thrombosis
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
October 19, 2010;
56(17):
1357 - 1365.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Takano, M. Yamamoto, M. Mizuno, D. Murakami, T. Inami, N. Kimata, K. Murai, N. Kobayashi, K. Okamatsu, T. Ohba, et al.
Late Vascular Responses From 2 to 4 Years After Implantation of Sirolimus-Eluting Stents: Serial Observations by Intracoronary Optical Coherence Tomography
Circ Cardiovasc Interv,
October 1, 2010;
3(5):
476 - 483.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Yamaji, T. Kimura, T. Morimoto, Y. Nakagawa, K. Inoue, Y. Soga, T. Arita, S. Shirai, K. Ando, K. Kondo, et al.
Very Long-Term (15 to 20 Years) Clinical and Angiographic Outcome After Coronary Bare Metal Stent Implantation
Circ Cardiovasc Interv,
October 1, 2010;
3(5):
468 - 475.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Hou, H. Qi, M. Zhang, L. Ma, H. Liu, Z. Han, L. Meng, S. Yang, S. Zhang, B. Yu, et al.
Development of lipid-rich plaque inside bare metal stent: possible mechanism of late stent thrombosis? An optical coherence tomography study
Heart,
August 1, 2010;
96(15):
1187 - 1190.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. C. Brott
Late Vascular Healing Response to Stents: New Insights From Optical Coherence Tomography
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
January 5, 2010;
55(1):
33 - 34.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
Top
Abstract
Methods