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Figure 4 CRS Type 4
Pathophysiological interactions between heart and kidney in type 4 cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) or "chronic renocardiac syndrome" (chronic kidney disease [CKD], e.g., chronic glomerular disease, contributing to decreased cardiac function, cardiac hypertrophy, or increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events). BMI = body mass index; EPO = erythropoietin; LDL = low-density lipoprotein. Figure illustration by Rob Flewell.
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