CLINICAL RESEARCH: HEART FAILURE
Subclinical Thyroid Dysfunction, Cardiac Function, and the Risk of Heart FailureThe Cardiovascular Health Study
Nicolas Rodondi, MD, MAS*,*,
Douglas C. Bauer, MD , ,
Anne R. Cappola, MD, ScM ,
Jacques Cornuz, MD, MPH*,
John Robbins, MD, MHS||,
Linda P. Fried, MD, MPH¶,
Paul W. Ladenson, MD#,
Eric Vittinghoff, PhD,
John S. Gottdiener, MD, FACC** and
Anne B. Newman, MD, MPH
* Department of Ambulatory Care and Community Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California
Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, California
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
|| University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
¶ Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology and Center on Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
# Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins, University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
** Echocardiography Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, University of Maryland Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Manuscript received January 23, 2008;
revised manuscript received May 27, 2008,
accepted July 10, 2008.
* Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Nicolas Rodondi, Department of Ambulatory Care and Community Medicine, University of Lausanne, Bugnon 44, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland (Email: Nicolas.Rodondi{at}hospvd.ch).
 |
Abstract
|
|---|
Objectives: The goal of this study was to determine whether subclinical thyroid dysfunction was associated with incident heart failure (HF) and echocardiogram abnormalities.
Background: Subclinical hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism have been associated with cardiac dysfunction. However, long-term data on the risk of HF are limited.
Methods: We studied 3,044 adults  65 years of age who initially were free of HF in the Cardiovascular Health Study. We compared adjudicated HF events over a mean 12-year follow-up and changes in cardiac function over the course of 5 years among euthyroid participants, those with subclinical hypothyroidism (subdivided by thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH] levels: 4.5 to 9.9, 10.0 mU/l), and those with subclinical hyperthyroidism.
Results: Over the course of 12 years, 736 participants developed HF events. Participants with TSH 10.0 mU/l had a greater incidence of HF compared with euthyroid participants (41.7 vs. 22.9 per 1,000 person years, p = 0.01; adjusted hazard ratio: 1.88; 95% confidence interval: 1.05 to 3.34). Baseline peak E velocity, which is an echocardiographic measurement of diastolic function associated with incident HF in the CHS cohort, was greater in those patients with TSH 10.0 mU/l compared with euthyroid participants (0.80 m/s vs. 0.72 m/s, p = 0.002). Over the course of 5 years, left ventricular mass increased among those with TSH 10.0 mU/l, but other echocardiographic measurements were unchanged. Those patients with TSH 4.5 to 9.9 mU/l or with subclinical hyperthyroidism had no increase in risk of HF.
Conclusions: Compared with euthyroid older adults, those adults with TSH 10.0 mU/l have a moderately increased risk of HF and alterations in cardiac function but not older adults with TSH <10.0 mU/l. Clinical trials should assess whether the risk of HF might be ameliorated by thyroxine replacement in individuals with TSH 10.0 mU/l.
Key Words: subclinical thyroid dysfunction • heart failure • echocardiography • cohort study
|
Abbreviations and Acronyms
| | CHS = Cardiovascular Health Study | | CI = confidence interval | | CVD = cardiovascular disease | | FT4 = free thyroxine | | HF = heart failure | | HR = hazard ratio | | LV = left ventricular | | RCT = randomized controlled trial | | TSH = thyroid-stimulating hormone |
|
Subclinical thyroid dysfunction is present in patients who have an abnormal thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH]) level and a normal free thyroxine (FT4) level (1). Subclinical thyroid dysfunction is common, particularly in older individuals, with a prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism of 10% and subclinical hyperthyroidism of 1.5% (2,3). Whereas it is generally accepted to treat the abnormal free thyroxine levels of overt thyroid dysfunction, the indications and threshold TSH for treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism and subclinical hyperthyroidism are areas of clinical controversy (1,3,4) because current evidence about the risks is limited (1,3).
On the basis of the known effects of thyroid hormone on the heart, it is reasonable to expect adverse cardiac effects in subclinical thyroid dysfunction (5). Subclinical thyroid disease has been associated with systolic and diastolic cardiac dysfunction, and small studies have shown that thyroxine replacement improved measurements of cardiac function in subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism (6,7). However, the clinical importance of these effects is unclear (3,8). Data on cardiovascular risks are conflicting (9–11), and no randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have assessed the impact of thyroxine replacement on clinical cardiac end points (3). Only one study has examined the relationship between subclinical thyroid dysfunction and heart failure (HF) events. In a population-based study of adults ages 70 to 79 years, participants with TSH 7.0 mU/l had a more than 2-fold greater risk of HF events compared with euthyroid subjects (10), but echocardiography was not performed. No study has directly addressed the relationship between subclinical hyperthyroidism and HF events.
As the number of hospitalizations for HF has greatly increased (12), examining a common and easily treatable potential risk factor for HF is warranted. To determine whether subclinical thyroid dysfunction was associated with HF and cardiac dysfunction, we examined a large cohort study of community-dwelling older adults.
|
Methods
|
|---|
Study population.
Participants were part of the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS), a population-based, longitudinal study of risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in 5,888 adults who were 65 years of age (13). Enrollment of an original cohort of 5,201 adults occurred in 1989 to 1990, and an additional cohort of 687, predominantly comprising African-American subjects, was enrolled in 1992 to 1993. Eligible individuals were identified from an age- and gender-stratified random sample of the Medicare-eligible adults in 4 U.S. communities. Details of the eligibility criteria have been previously described (9). All participants gave written informed consent; the institutional review boards at study sites approved the protocol.
Fasting TSH was measured at baseline in a subsample (n = 3,678) of CHS participants, who were selected according to availability of stored serum for analysis. Because our primary study question pertained to unrecognized thyroid function abnormalities, participants taking thyroid hormone preparations at baseline (n = 339) or other medications that could affect thyroid testing, including antithyroid drugs (n = 1), corticosteroids (n = 77), and amiodarone (n = 2), were excluded. We also excluded participants with known HF at baseline (n = 144) to examine incident HF.
Measurements.
Thyroid Hormones
Serum TSH and FT4 concentrations were assayed, as previously described (9), with FT4 (normal range: 0.7 to 1.7 ng/dl [9 to 22 pmol/l]) measured in individuals with TSH <0.10 or >4.50 mU/l for the 95% of samples with sufficient serum for this additional test. Compared with participants who did not receive thyroid function testing (n = 1,523), participants with thyroid function testing were less likely to be men (38% vs. 55%, p < 0.001) and to have prevalent CVD (22% vs. 26%, p = 0.002), but mean ages, race proportions, thyroxine use, and prevalent HF were similar.
Study participants were classified into 3 groups based on their thyroid function tests (9): 1) subclinical hyperthyroidism: TSH 0.10 and <0.45 mU/l (3) (n = 38), or <0.10 mU/l with a normal FT4 (n = 6); 2) euthyroidism: normal TSH (0.45 to 4.50 mU/l; n = 2,526); or 3) subclinical hypothyroidism: TSH >4.50 and <20.0 mU/l with a normal FT4 (n = 474). On the basis of the definitions used by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (1) and on expert consensus (3), subclinical hypothyroidism was subclassified according to the following TSH levels, 4.5 to 9.9 mU/l (n = 428), and 10.0 mU/l (marked elevation, n = 46), because of possible greater risks above this cut-off. In additional analyses, mild subclinical hypothyroidism was further subclassified between those with TSH 4.5 to 6.9 mU/l (mild elevation, n = 337) and 7.0 to 9.9 mU/l (moderate elevation, n = 91), based upon U.S. Preventive Services Task Force definitions (1).
Participants whose testing suggested nonthyroidal illness (low TSH and FT4, n = 2), TSH 4.50 mU/l and a missing FT4 (n = 21), and overt thyrotoxicosis (TSH <0.10 mU/l with an increased FT4, n = 1) or overt hypothyroidism (TSH 20.0 or >4.50 mU/l with a FT4 <0.70 ng/dl, n = 47) were excluded from analyses. The sample for our analyses was 3,044 patients.
HF Events
During the 15-year follow-up, we assessed incident HF events among participants free of HF at baseline. Clinical outcomes were ascertained every 6 months. Diagnoses have been adjudicated until June 30, 2004, based on interview, review of medical records, and other support documents without physician knowledge of thyroid status. Heart failure events were defined on the basis of diagnosis from a physician and consideration of symptoms, signs, chest radiographs, and treatment of HF (current prescription for a diuretic agent and digitalis or a vasodilator) (14,15).
Echocardiography
As previously described (16), echocardiographic images were obtained in 1989 to 1990 and 1994 to 1995, with the use of a standardized protocol with core reading centers. All following measurements were examined without knowledge of the participant's thyroid status. Left ventricular (LV) mass and fractional shortening at the midwall, a quantitative measurement of global chamber function, were calculated as reported previously (17). Qualitative assessment of LV ejection fraction was classified as normal, borderline, or abnormal, approximately corresponding to values 55%, 45%, and <45%, respectively (17). Agreement between baseline and 5-year follow-up echocardiography core centers has been previously reported (17). For diastolic function, left atrial size, Doppler peak E and A velocities were measured (18,19). Doppler filling velocities and their ratios, which were consistent with impaired relaxation and restrictive filling, were previously found in CHS to be predictive of incident HF (14). A total of 896 participants had missing echocardiograms from 1994 to 1995 because of death (36%), missed visit (17%), or follow-up visit outside the clinics with no echocardiogram (47%). The 576 living participants without follow-up echocardiograms were older; more likely to be nonwhite; to smoke; and to have diabetes, atrial fibrillation, and subclinical hyperthyroidism (2.9% vs. 1.4%); the prevalence of hypertension, CVD, subclinical hypothyroidism, and gender proportions did not differ significantly. We based LV ejection fraction measurements at the time of incident HF on data that were abstracted from reports of echocardiograms performed during hospitalization for HF, and we classified these measurements as described in the preceding text.
Covariates
We collected self-reported race and smoking status, classified as never, current, or former. Thyroid medication use was assessed annually via medication bottle examination. Physical examination included blood pressure, heart rate, and body mass index. Hypertension was defined as self-report and the use of antihypertensive medications or as a blood pressure 140/90 mm Hg. Diabetes was defined as a fasting glucose 126 mg/dl (7.0 mmol/l) or the use of hypoglycemic medication. Atrial fibrillation at baseline was self-reported or determined on electrocardiogram or with a Holter monitor (9). For prevalent HF at baseline, self-reports were confirmed by physical examination or, if necessary, by a validation protocol that included surveys of treating physicians or review of medical records (20). Prevalent CVD (defined as coronary heart disease, stroke, or transient ischemic attack) was based on patient self-report, verification of the patient's medical record, and patient's use of selected drugs.
Statistical analysis.
We calculated HF incidence per 1,000 person-years of follow-up and used log-rank tests to compare Kaplan-Meier estimates of HF incidence across the 4 thyroid groups. We used Cox proportional hazards survival models to examine associations between the 4 groups and HF. The multivariate models adjusted for known clinical risk factors of HF in older adults (12,15,21,22) that might be potential confounders in the relationship between subclinical thyroid disease and HF. To check the sensitivity of our results to the selection of covariates, we assessed models that excluded potential confounders with p > 0.2 after adjustment and obtained similar results. We hypothesized some interactions a priori: the relationship between subclinical thyroid disease and HF might differ by gender, prevalent CVD, or thyroxine use during follow-up. As detailed previously (9), we first examined models in which follow-up was censored at the time of first thyroxine use as the main analysis. Because of interaction with thyroxine use, we also used models in which baseline hazard was stratified by thyroxine use during follow-up as a time-dependent covariate, and participants changed stratum when thyroxine use was initiated.
We graphically examined smooth estimates of hazard function for HF against TSH to examine cutpoints at which HF risk might be increased, as well as tabulation of event rates within smaller TSH intervals, and used Schoenfeld residuals to check proportional hazards assumption for thyroid status and for covariates included in the multivariate models. We used models with baseline hazard jointly stratified by 4 variables (prevalent atrial fibrillation, CVD, diabetes, and hypertension) that did not meet this assumption (23). We also categorized age, the only continuous covariate that did not meet the assumption of log-linearity. Results were reported as hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
Among participants with echocardiographic data, multiple linear regression was used to assess baseline differences and changes over time in echocardiographic measurements across thyroid groups, after adjustment for age and gender, similar to previous analyses of echocardiograms in CHS (14). We conducted analyses using Stata 9.2 (Stata Corp., College Station, Texas).
|
Results
|
|---|
Baseline characteristics.
The mean age was 72.6 years; 60% were women (Table 1). Mild subclinical hypothyroidism (TSH 4.5 to 9.9 mU/l) was present in 428 (14.5%) participants, severe subclinical hypothryoidism (TSH 10.0 to 19.9 mU/l) in 46 (1.5%), and subclinical hyperthyroidism in 44 (1.4%). Subclinical hypothyroidism was more common in women and was associated with lower systolic blood pressure. Subclinical hyperthyroidism was associated with greater body mass index and lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
|
Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of Study Population According to Thyroid Status in the Cardiovascular Health Study (n = 3,044)
|
|
Baseline echocardiographic data.
Most echocardiographic measurements at baseline did not differ significantly by thyroid status (Table 2). Participants with TSH 10.0 mU/l had a greater peak E velocity (0.80 m/s vs. 0.72 m/s, p = 0.002), and this difference persisted after adjustment for age, gender, heart rate, and systolic blood pressure. Peak E velocity was associated with incident HF in the overall study sample (HR: 1.14 for each 0.1 m/s increment; 95% CI: 1.09 to 1.18; p < 0.001) and in those with TSH 10.0 mU/l (HR: 1.45; 95% CI: 1.20 to 1.76; p < 0.001) after adjustment for age, gender, and systolic blood pressure. Compared with euthyroidism, subclinical hyperthyroidism was associated with larger left atrial size, greater proportions with early/late transmitral peak flow velocity ratio <0.7, and increased heart rate (Table 2), differences that persisted after excluding those with atrial fibrillation.
Risk of HF events.
Over a median (interquartile range) follow-up of 12 years (7.0 to 14.4 years), 736 (24%) of 3,044 participants developed HF events. Among the 474 participants with sublinical hypothyroidism, 109 received thyroxine replacement during follow-up, with 28 reporting intermittent use. Among the 46 participants with TSH 10.0 mU/l, 22 received thyroxine during follow-up (7 intermittent use). In the analysis censoring follow-up at first thyroxine use, participants with TSH 10.0 mU/l had a greater incidence of HF compared with euthyroid participants (41.7 vs. 22.9 per 1,000 person-years, p = 0.01), but the rates were similar for those with subclinical hyperthyroidism or TSH 4.5 to 9.9 mU/l (Fig. 1). In multivariate analysis censoring at first thyroxine use, the risk of HF was increased among those with TSH 10.0 mU/l (HR: 1.88; 95% CI: 1.05 to 3.34) (Table 3, model 1). Multivariate model omitting lipids yielded similar results.
View larger version (14K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
[Download PPT slide]
|
Figure 1 Incident HF Events According to TSH Levels
Participants with TSH 10.0 to 19.9 mU/l who were untreated by thyroxine replacement (participants censored at the time of first thyroxine use) had a greater incidence of HF events compared with euthyroid participants (41.7 vs. 22.9 per 1,000 person-years, p = 0.01), but rates were similar for those with subclinical hyperthyroidism or those with TSH between 4.5 and 9.9 mU/l. HF = heart failure; TSH = thyroid-stimulating hormone.
|
|
The relationship between subclinical hypothyroidsim and HF differed by thyroxine use during follow-up (p = 0.02 for interaction). In a model (Table 3, model 2) that included all follow-up and thyroxine use as a time-dependent covariate, participants with TSH 10.0 mU/l had an increased risk of HF during periods in which thyroxine use was not reported but no increased risk during periods of thyroxine use. Almost identical results were obtained with the use of a model that incorporated the history of thyroxine use as a time-dependent covariate (participants classified as user from first use) and that allowed for interaction of this measure with thyroid status (data not shown).
Stratifying sublinical hypothyroidism into those with TSH 4.5 to 6.9 mU/l and 7.0 to 9.9 mU/l, we similarly found no significantly increased risk of HF; graphical examination of hazard function showed no increased risk up to approximately 10.0 mU/l. A cubic spline analysis also showed the nonlinearity of this relationship. None of the 6 participants with TSH <0.10 mU/l had HF events. The relationship between subclinical thyroid disease and HF did not differ by prevalent CVD or gender (each interaction p value >0.20). Excluding 595 participants with prevalent CVD yielded similar results, including in those with TSH 10.0 mU/l (HR: 2.17; 95% CI: 1.15 to 4.07) in multivariate analysis censoring at first thyroxine use. On the basis of baseline echocardiographic data, peak E velocity might be a potential mediator of this relationship; further adjusting Model 1 for peak E velocity yielded an HR of 1.69 (95% CI: 0.94 to 3.02) for those with TSH 10.0 mU/l, showing that this relationship was not fully explained by increased peak E velocity and that other factors, including unmeasured echocardiographic parameters, might play a role in this relationship.
Echocardiographic changes over time.
Repeat echocardiograms were obtained in 2,148 participants after 5 years; those with TSH 10.0 mU/l had a greater increase in LV mass (+21 g vs. +4 g, p = 0.04) (Table 4) and a greater proportion of HF events associated with low ejection fraction than in euthyroid participants (80% vs. 45%, p = 0.08). Peak E velocity decreased more in subjects with TSH 10.0 mU/l than in euthyroid participants (–0.10 m/s vs. –0.01 m/s, p = 0.005), which might be related to increase in LV mass over time, increasing impairment of LV relaxation, a plateau effect, or regression to the mean due to greater baseline values.
View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
|
Table 4 Change in Echocardiographic Characteristics Between Baseline (1988 to 1989) and 5-Year Follow-Up (1994 to 1995) According to Thyroid Status
|
|
Compared with euthyroidism, the presence of subclinical hyperthyroidism was associated with a smaller increase in left atrial size and peak A velocity over time, but cross-sectional year-5 left atrial sizes and peak A velocities did not differ (40.5 mm vs. 40.0 mm, p = 0.65; 0.81 m/s vs. 0.81 m/s, p = 0.90). Excluding participants with atrial fibrillation at baseline or those who developed HF before year-5 examination (n = 237) yielded similar results. For the 499 participants who developed HF after year-5 examination, the time interval ± SD between the 5-year echocardiograms and HF was 4.4 ± 2.6 years (3.5 ± 1.9 years for those with TSH 10.0 mU/l).
|
Discussion
|
|---|
In this large, population-based study of older adults, subclinical hypothyroidism was associated with a moderately increased risk of HF among older adults with TSH 10.0 mU/l, which is consistent with another large cohort study of older individuals (10). The risk of CHF was not increased among the high proportions of older adults with TSH levels between 4.5 and 9.9 mU/l or among those with TSH <0.45 mU/l. Adverse alterations in 2 echocardiographic measurements, peak E velocity at baseline—an echocardiographic measurement of diastolic function associated with HF in this cohort sample and previous CHS analysis (14)—and increase in left ventricular mass over the course of 5 years, also were found exclusively in the subgroup of subclinical hypothyroidism with TSH 10.0 mU/l.
To our knowledge, the authors (10) of only one previous population-based prospective study directly examined the relationship between subclinical hypothyroidism and HF events. They found that adults ages 70 to 79 years with TSH 7.0 mU/l had a greater risk of HF (HR: 2.88; 95% CI: 1.39 to 5.99) in multivariate analysis compared with euthyroid participants, with a more pronounced risk in those with TSH 10.0 mU/l (HR: 3.10; 95% CI: 1.30 to 7.39), and no increased risk in those with TSH 4.5 to 6.9 mU/l. Possible explanations for the weaker point estimate found in CHS compared with the Health ABC (Health, Aging, and Body Composition) study include differences in the study population that was mainly white in CHS (40% were black in Health ABC), younger mean age (72.6 vs. 74.7 years), different length of follow-up (12 years vs. 4 years), no upper TSH cutoff in Health ABC analysis (1% with TSH 20.0 mU/l), and less precision as a result of lower power in the Health ABC.
In the present study, the fact that HF risk was limited to participants with TSH 10.0 mU/l who were not taking thyroxine, with a HF risk similar to the euthyroid group under thyroxine replacement, strengthens the case for a potential causal relationship, which could only be definitively proven by RCTs. Potential mechanisms for the impact of thyroid dysfunction on HF may be related to the effects of thyroid hormones on the heart (5,7), notably by the regulation of genes coding for cardiac proteins (5). Overt hypothyroidism also alters cardiovascular function (24).
For most echocardiographic measurements, we found no significant differences for subclinical hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism compared with euthyroidism, results that are in contrast to several nonpopulation-based studies (6,25–27) but are consistent with other population-based studies (28,29). Several explanations exist for these discrepant findings, including the age of the underlying study population and the degree of subclinical thyroid dysfunction (8). All of these previous studies had insufficient sample sizes with subclinical hypothyroidism (n = 8 to 66 as compared with 474 in the present study) to investigate different TSH cutoffs (7,28), and none linked abnormalities in the surrogate echocardiographic markers with HF events (8). Indeed, our participants with subclinical hyperthyroidism demonstrated some differences in baseline echocardiographic measurements but no increase in HF events, suggesting that these echocardiographic abnormalities, although statistically significant, do not result in HF. In our cohort, those patients with TSH 10.0 mU/l had a greater peak E velocity at baseline, an echocardiographic measurement of diastolic function that was associated with incident HF in this cohort sample and previous CHS analysis (14). The greater early diastolic filling velocity we found in participants with TSH 10.0 mU/l may reflect increased left atrial pressure and diastolic dysfunction from more marked subclinical hypothyroidism. Some small RCTs have been performed that have shown improvement in echocardiographic measures of cardiac function (30–32), supporting our findings of reduction of risk of HF after thyroxine initiation.
Study limitations.
Among limitations, our data may not be generalizable to younger age groups, and it has been suggested that there may be age differences in the associations between subclinical thyroid dysfunction and adverse outcomes (33). Thyroid function testing was performed at a single point in time, which is a limitation of all published observational cohorts (10,11,34). Our power was limited in those with TSH 10.0 mU/l because this group was small. Our echocardiographic findings could be affected by multiple comparisons and missing data for 5-year and incident HF echocardiograms; we could not definitively conclude on the type of cardiac dysfunction (systolic or diastolic) involved in those with TSH 10.0 mU/l, which needs to be explored in future studies.
These data have a number of strengths: the large, population-based cohort of older adults, which was designed to examine cardiovascular risk factors; the mean 12-year follow-up; the formal adjudication of HF events; the exclusion of individuals who were taking thyroxine or other medications that could affect thyroid function testing; and the incorporation of thyroxine use over time analytically (9). In addition, few large prospective studies have the availability of baseline and follow-up echocardiography data.
|
Conclusions
|
|---|
Our data suggest that subclinical hypothyroidism with a TSH 10.0 mU/l represents a potentially modifiable risk factor for HF in older adults but not subclinical hypothyroidism with moderate TSH levels (TSH 4.5 to 9.9 mU/l) and subclinical hyperthyroidism. Our study builds on the previous study demonstrating increased HF risk in marked subclinical hypothyroidism (10), with additional mechanistic support in our study from echocardiographic data and information on reversibility of HF risk with thyroxine replacement. Our findings of a lack of HF risk in the high proportions of older adults with less severe subclinical hypothyroidism also are important because many patients with TSH levels of 4.5 to 9.9 mU/l are treated in clinical practice (35) without consistent evidence to support increased risk without thyroxine replacement and improved risk with replacement (1,3). This and previous studies have mostly found no increased cardiovascular risk in subjects with TSH <10.0 mU/l (9,10,36), with some conflicting data (11). Moreover, approximately 20% of patients are currently overtreated by thyroxine replacement, with an increased risk of subclinical hyperthyroidism that has been associated with atrial fibrillation and increased fracture risk (3,37). In aggregate, our findings might help refine a treatment threshold at which clinical benefit would be expected (8) and demonstrate a subpopulation at risk for a life-threatening condition. The authors of clinical trials should examine the efficacy of screening for and treating subclinical thyroid dysfunction and assess whether the risk of HF might be ameliorated by thyroxine replacement in individuals with TSH levels above 10.0 mU/l.
|
Acknowledgments
|
|---|
Dr. Vittinghoff, Professor of Biostatistics in the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, reviewed the statistical analyses of the paper and is included among the authors of this article.
|
Footnotes
|
|---|
The research reported in this article was supported by contracts N01-HC-35129, N01-HC-45133, N01-HC-75150, N01-HC-85079 through N01-HC-85086, N01 HC-15103, N01 HC-55222, and U01 HL080295 from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), with additional contribution from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. A full list of participating CHS investigators and institutions can be found at http://www.chs-nhlbi.org. The TSH measurement and this study were supported by an American Heart Association Grant-in-Aid (to Dr. Fried) with funding from July 1991 to June 1993. This study was funded through contracts with the NHLBI and included substantial NHLBI involvement in study design and oversight. A member of the NHLBI serves on the executive committee of the study, and the NHLBI reviewed the manuscript and approved its publication.
|
References
|
|---|
1. Helfand M. Screening for subclinical thyroid dysfunction in nonpregnant adults: a summary of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Ann Intern Med 2004;140:128-141.[Abstract/Free Full Text]2. Hollowell JG, Staehling NW, Flanders WD, et al. Serum TSH, T(4), and thyroid antibodies in the United States population (1988 to 1994): National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:489-499.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 3. Surks MI, Ortiz E, Daniels GH, et al. Subclinical thyroid disease: scientific review and guidelines for diagnosis and management JAMA 2004;291:228-238.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 4. Gharib H, Tuttle RM, Baskin HJ, Fish LH, Singer PA, McDermott MT. Subclinical thyroid dysfunction: a joint statement on management from the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, the American Thyroid Association, and the Endocrine Society J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:581-585discussion 586–7.[Free Full Text] 5. Klein I, Ojamaa K. Thyroid hormone and the cardiovascular system N Engl J Med 2001;344:501-509.[Free Full Text] 6. Biondi B, Palmieri EA, Lombardi G, Fazio S. Effects of subclinical thyroid dysfunction on the heart Ann Intern Med 2002;137:904-914.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 7. Biondi B. Cardiovascular effects of mild hypothyroidism Thyroid 2007;17:625-630.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] 8. Cappola AR. Subclinical thyroid dysfunction and the heart J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:3404-3405.[Free Full Text] 9. Cappola AR, Fried LP, Arnold AM, et al. Thyroid status, cardiovascular risk, and mortality in older adults JAMA 2006;295:1033-1041.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 10. Rodondi N, Newman A, Vittinghoff E, et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism and the risk of heart failure, other cardiovascular events, and death Arch Intern Med 2005;165:2460-2466.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 11. Walsh JP, Bremner AP, Bulsara MK, et al. Subclinical thyroid dysfunction as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease Arch Intern Med 2005;165:2467-2472.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 12. Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, et al. ACC/AHA 2005 guideline update for the diagnosis and management of chronic heart failure in the adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46:e1-e82.[Free Full Text] 13. Fried LP, Borhani NO, Enright P, et al. The Cardiovascular Health Study: design and rationale Ann Epidemiol 1991;1:263-276.[Medline] 14. Aurigemma GP, Gottdiener JS, Shemanski L, Gardin J, Kitzman D. Predictive value of systolic and diastolic function for incident congestive heart failure in the elderly: the cardiovascular health study J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:1042-1048.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 15. Gottdiener JS, Arnold AM, Aurigemma GP, et al. Predictors of congestive heart failure in the elderly: the Cardiovascular Health Study J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:1628-1637.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 16. Gardin JM, Siscovick D, Anton-Culver H, et al. Sex, age, and disease affect echocardiographic left ventricular mass and systolic function in the free-living elderly. The Cardiovascular Health Study. Circulation 1995;91:1739-1748.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 17. Drazner MH, Rame JE, Marino EK, et al. Increased left ventricular mass is a risk factor for the development of a depressed left ventricular ejection fraction within five years: the Cardiovascular Health Study J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:2207-2215.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 18. Sahn DJ, DeMaria A, Kisslo J, Weyman A. Recommendations regarding quantitation in M-mode echocardiography: results of a survey of echocardiographic measurements Circulation 1978;58:1072-1083.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 19. Stoddard MF, Pearson AC, Kern MJ, Ratcliff J, Mrosek DG, Labovitz AJ. Left ventricular diastolic function: comparison of pulsed Doppler echocardiographic and hemodynamic indexes in subjects with and without coronary artery disease J Am Coll Cardiol 1989;13:327-336.[Abstract] 20. Psaty BM, Kuller LH, Bild D, et al. Methods of assessing prevalent cardiovascular disease in the Cardiovascular Health Study Ann Epidemiol 1995;5:270-277.[CrossRef][Medline] 21. Bibbins-Domingo K, Chertow GM, Fried LF, et al. Renal function and heart failure risk in older black and white individuals: the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study Arch Intern Med 2006;166:1396-1402.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 22. Ingelsson E, Bjorklund-Bodegard K, Lind L, Arnlov J, Sundstrom J. Diurnal blood pressure pattern and risk of congestive heart failure JAMA 2006;295:2859-2866.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 23. Vittinghoff E, Glidden D, Shiboski S, McCulloch C. Regression Methods in Biostatistics: Linear, Logistic, Survival, and Repeated Measures ModelsNew York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 2005. 24. Klein I, Danzi S. Thyroid disease and the heart Circulation 2007;116:1725-1735.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 25. Tseng KH, Walfish PG, Persaud JA, Gilbert BW. Concurrent aortic and mitral valve echocardiography permits measurement of systolic time intervals as an index of peripheral tissue thyroid functional status J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989;69:633-638.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 26. Forfar JC, Wathen CG, Todd WT, et al. Left ventricular performance in subclinical hypothyroidism Q J Med 1985;57:857-865.[Web of Science][Medline] 27. Biondi B, Fazio S, Palmieri EA, et al. Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:2064-2067.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 28. Iqbal A, Schirmer H, Lunde P, Figenschau Y, Rasmussen K, Jorde R. Thyroid stimulating hormone and left ventricular function J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:3504-3510.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 29. Dorr M, Wolff B, Robinson DM, et al. The association of thyroid function with cardiac mass and left ventricular hypertrophy J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:673-677.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 30. Monzani F, Di Bello V, Caraccio N, et al. Effect of levothyroxine on cardiac function and structure in subclinical hypothyroidism: a double blind, placebo-controlled study J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:1110-1115.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 31. Cooper DS, Halpern R, Wood LC, Levin AA, Ridgway EC. L-thyroxine therapy in subclinical hypothyroidism. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1984;101:18-24.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 32. Franzoni F, Galetta F, Fallahi P, et al. Effect of L-thyroxine treatment on left ventricular function in subclinical hypothyroidism Biomed Pharmacother 2006;60:431-436.[CrossRef][Medline] 33. Cooper DS. Thyroid disease in the oldest old: the exception to the rule JAMA 2004;292:2651-2654.[Free Full Text] 34. Hak AE, Pols HA, Visser TJ, Drexhage HA, Hofman A, Witteman JC. Subclinical hypothyroidism is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction in elderly women: the Rotterdam Study Ann Intern Med 2000;132:270-278.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 35. Fatourechi V, Lankarani M, Schryver PG, Vanness DJ, Long KH, Klee GG. Factors influencing clinical decisions to initiate thyroxine therapy for patients with mildly increased serum thyrotropin (5.1–10.0 mIU/L) Mayo Clin Proc 2003;78:554-560.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 36. Parle JV, Maisonneuve P, Sheppard MC, Boyle P, Franklyn JA. Prediction of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in elderly people from one low serum thyrotropin result: a 10-year cohort study Lancet 2001;358:861-865.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] 37. Bauer DC, Ettinger B, Nevitt MC, Stone KL. Risk for fracture in women with low serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone Ann Intern Med 2001;134:561-568.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
Related Article
-
Inside This Issue of JACC
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2008 52: A31-A32.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
|
|
 
M. Akcakoyun, H. Kaya, R. Kargin, S. Pala, Y. Emiroglu, O. Esen, H. Karapinar, Z. Kaya, and A. M. Esen
Abnormal Left Ventricular Longitudinal Functional Reserve Assessed by Exercise Pulsed Wave Tissue Doppler Imaging in Patients with Subclinical Hypothyroidism
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
August 1, 2009;
94(8):
2979 - 2983.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
Top
Abstract
Methods