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Figure 4 Representation of Enzyme and Metabolic Changes in Persistent AF
The illustration shows the TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and protein and metabolite changes observed in patients with persistent AF (red). Notably, the probability of 3 metabolites being associated with 3 enzymes out of the 17 differentially expressed proteins by chance was estimated at <5% after running 1 million simulations on Matlab (Mathworks Limited). Each simulation consisted of randomly selecting 3 metabolites out of the 24 measured, generating 1,500 proteins, randomly associating 300 of them with pairs of metabolites (based on the fact that approximately 20% of spots on 2-dimensional gel maps from human hearts are metabolic enzymes), and randomly selecting 17 of the 1,500 proteins. A success was defined as the 3 selected metabolites being associated with at least 3 proteins among the 17 selected. CoA = coenzyme A; e = electron; TCA = tricarboxylic acid; other abbreviations as in Figures 1 and 2.
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