CLINICAL RESEARCH: GENETICS AND CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
Polymorphism in KIF6 Gene and Benefit From Statins After Acute Coronary SyndromesResults From the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 Study
Olga A. Iakoubova, MD, PhD*,*,
Marc S. Sabatine, MD, MPH, FACC ,
Charles M. Rowland, MS*,
Carmen H. Tong, BS*,
Joseph J. Catanese, BS*,
Koustubh Ranade, PhD ,
Katy L. Simonsen, PhD,
Todd G. Kirchgessner, PhD,
Christopher P. Cannon, MD, FACC,
James J. Devlin, PhD* and
Eugene Braunwald, MD, MACC
* Celera, Alameda, California
TIMI Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey.
Manuscript received August 13, 2007;
revised manuscript received September 28, 2007,
accepted October 22, 2007.
* Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Olga A. Iakoubova, Celera, Inc., 1401 Harbor Bay Parkway, Alameda, California 94502. (Email: olga.iakoubova{at}celera.com).
 |
Abstract
|
|---|
Objectives: We explored whether the benefit of intensive versus moderate statin therapy would be greater in carriers of KIF6 719Arg than in noncarriers.
Background: The 719Arg variant of Trp719Arg (rs20455), a polymorphism in kinesin-like protein 6, is associated with greater risk of coronary events and greater benefit from pravastatin versus placebo.
Methods: We genotyped 1,778 acute coronary syndrome patients within the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 (Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy: Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 22) trial and investigated different intensities of statin therapy in carriers of 719Arg and in noncarriers using Cox proportional hazards models that adjusted for traditional risk factors.
Results: Benefit from intensive, compared with moderate, statin therapy was significantly greater in the 59% of the cohort who were carriers (hazard ratio [HR] 0.59, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.45 to 0.77) than in those who were noncarriers (HR 0.94, 95% CI 0.70 to 1.27; p = 0.018 for interaction between 719Arg carrier status and treatment). Absolute risk reduction was 10.0% in carriers versus 0.8% in noncarriers. The benefit of intensive therapy in carriers was significant as early as day 30 of therapy. Carriers and noncarriers did not differ in on-treatment low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, or C-reactive protein (CRP) levels.
Conclusions: Carriers of 719Arg receive significantly greater benefit from intensive statin therapy than do noncarriers, a superior benefit that appears to be due to a mechanism distinct from lipid or CRP lowering. Functional studies of the KIF6 kinesin are warranted, given the consistent association of Trp719Arg with risk of coronary events and statin benefit.
|
Abbreviations and Acronyms
| | CHD = coronary heart disease | | CI = confidence interval | | CRP = C-reactive protein | | HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol | | HR = hazard ratio | | LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol |
|
Differential risk of disease and differential response to treatment due to the genetic diversity of patient populations has been reported for a number of diseases and treatments (1–3). If the genetic variants responsible for these differences were known, such variants could facilitate personalized medicine by identifying those at elevated risk of disease, those likely to benefit from a particular therapy, or those less likely to benefit (4,5).
To that end, we have previously reported that the Trp719Arg polymorphism in kinesin-like protein 6 (encoded by KIF6) is associated with a greater risk of coronary events in the placebo arms of the CARE (Cholesterol and Recurrent Events) and WOSCOPS (West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study) trials. The KIF6 kinesin is a member of a family of molecular motors involved in intracellular transport of protein complexes, membrane organelles, and messenger ribonucleic acid along microtubules (6,7). Carriers of the 719Arg allele of the KIF6 kinesin had a 50% increased risk of events compared with noncarriers (8). The 719Arg allele has also been associated with risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in the ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) study, a large prospective, population-based study of over 15,000 middle-aged Americans with long-term follow-up (9), and in the WHS (Women’s Health Study), a large prospective, population-based study of over 25,000 apparently healthy women (10).
In addition to a greater risk of coronary events, carriers of the KIF6 719Arg allele received greater benefit from pravastatin, compared with placebo, than did noncarriers in the CARE and WOSCOPS trials (8). Recent reviews of statin pharmacogenomics have highlighted the importance of investigating genetic variants associated with statin response in multiple prospective studies (11–13). Given the importance of multiple studies and the use of intensive lipid lowering in contemporary clinical practice, we thought that it would be important to determine whether the presence of the 719Arg allele also affects the magnitude of clinical benefit from other, more intensive, statin regimens. We therefore examined whether the clinical benefit from intensive lipid-lowering therapy with high-dose atorvastatin (80 mg/day), compared with standard-dose pravastatin (40 mg/day), would be greater among carriers of the KIF6 719Arg allele than among noncarriers in the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 (Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy: Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 22) trial (14). In this trial, intensive therapy with high-dose atorvastatin (80 mg/day) resulted in greater protection against death or cardiovascular events than did moderate therapy with standard-dose pravastatin (40 mg/day, the same dose used in the CARE and WOSCOPS trials) in patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome.
|
Methods
|
|---|
Study population.
The study population for this genetic study was derived from the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 trial, which has been described previously (14). Briefly, the trial comprised 4,162 patients who had been hospitalized for an acute coronary syndrome within 10 days preceding enrollment and who were enrolled while in stable condition and after any planned revascularization. Patients were enrolled at 349 centers in 8 countries between November 2000 and December 2001 and randomized to high-dose atorvastatin (80 mg/day) or standard-dose pravastatin (40 mg/day) and to gatifloxacin or placebo using a double-blind, 2 x 2 factorial design. The 2,061 patients who provided institutional review board–approved informed consent for genetic analysis were eligible for inclusion in this genetic study (all of these patients were enrolled in North America). We excluded 32 of these patients because of inadequate quantity or quality of deoxyribonucleic acid and 39 owing to missing values for one or more of the traditional risk factors that were required for multivariate analysis. Because only 10.3% of the patients were nonwhite, which did not provide sufficient power for a separate analysis of ethnic groups, we included only the white patients in this genetic analysis. After these exclusions, 1,778 patients remained in the genetic cohort of the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 trial.
End point and laboratory values.
The end point for this genetic study was the same as the primary end point of the original PROVE IT-TIMI 22 study (i.e., death from any cause or major cardiovascular events), which included myocardial infarction, documented unstable angina requiring hospitalization, revascularization with either percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting (if these procedures were performed at least 30 days after randomization), and stroke. All laboratory measurements were made in a core facility (14). Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglyceride levels were measured at baseline and at the following scheduled visits: 30 days, 4 months, 8 months, 16 months, and the end of follow-up; follow-up lasted 18 to 36 months (mean 24 months). C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were measured at baseline and at the following scheduled visits: 30 days, 4 months, and the end of follow-up. KIF6 Trp719Arg genotypes were determined using an allele-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction genotyping assay at a core facility (15). The Trp719Arg genotypes determined with this assay have been shown to be >99.8% concordant with genotypes determined using a different genotyping technology (16). The primer sequences are available upon request.
Statistical analyses.
All reported p values are 2-sided. Differences between baseline characteristics were assessed by the Wilcoxon rank-sum test (continuous variables) or by Fisher exact test (discrete variables). We assessed deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium using an exact test (17). A chi-square test was used to test for differences in genotype frequencies across studies. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the effect of intensive therapy, compared with moderate therapy, on incident events in KIF6 719Arg carriers and noncarriers. To estimate hazard ratios (HRs) adjusted for the effects of other risk factors and study design variables, baseline covariates were included in the Cox models and were coded either continuously (age, LDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], triglyceride, and CRP levels) or dichotomously (gender, smoking [current vs. never or past], hypertension [defined as history of hypertension, systolic blood pressure  140 mm Hg, or diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg], diabetes, and treatment with gatifloxacin). After estimating the benefit of 80 mg atorvastatin, compared with 40 mg pravastatin, separately in carriers and noncarriers, the p value for interaction between KIF6 719Arg carrier status and statin treatment was determined from likelihood ratio tests that evaluated potential heterogeneity of the HRs. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the cumulative incidence of death or major cardiovascular events, and differences were assessed with the log-rank test at 2 years of follow-up. Absolute risk reduction was estimated from the differences in the cumulative incidence of events at 2 years of follow-up. SAS version 9 software (SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina) was used for all regression models and for generating Kaplan-Meier estimates.
|
Results
|
|---|
Baseline characteristics and allele frequencies.
The baseline characteristics for traditional risk factors of this genetic cohort of the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 trial according to KIF6 719Arg carrier status are presented in Table 1. The prevalence of risk factors for CHD was similar in carriers and noncarriers of the 719Arg variant, with the exception that current smoking was less frequent among 719Arg carriers (p = 0.042). The treatment groups in this genetic cohort also were well balanced with regard to baseline traditional risk factors (p > 0.29; data not presented). Carriers of the 719Arg variant constituted 58.9% of the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 trial genetic cohort. The genotype frequencies were 13.5%, 45.4%, and 41.1% for Arg/Arg, Arg/Trp, and Trp/Trp, respectively, and the distribution of these genotypes did not deviate from Hardy-Weinberg expectations (p = 0.51). These genotype frequencies were not significantly different (p = 0.32) than the frequencies reported for the CARE trial cohort and the control group in a nested case-control study of the WOSCOPS trial (8).
Outcome of therapy and KIF6 Trp719Arg.
Carriers and noncarriers of KIF6 719Arg received significantly different benefit from high-dose atorvastatin therapy compared with standard-dose pravastatin therapy. Specifically, in carriers of the 719Arg allele, high-dose atorvastatin therapy, compared with standard-dose pravastatin therapy, reduced the risk of death or major cardiovascular events by 41% (adjusted HR 0.59, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.45 to 0.77; p < 0.001) (Table 2). The HRs were similar in Arg/Arg homozygotes and in Arg/Trp heterozygotes, which is consistent with a dominant genetic model. In contrast, high-dose atorvastatin, compared with standard-dose pravastatin, was of no significant benefit in noncarriers (adjusted HR 0.94, 95% CI 0.70 to 1.27; p = 0.70) (Table 2). This difference in benefit between carriers and noncarriers was significant (p = 0.018 for interaction between KIF6 719Arg carrier status and treatment) (Table 2).
View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
|
Table 2 Effect of 80 mg Atorvastatin Versus 40 mg Pravastatin on Death or Major Cardiovascular Events According to KIF6 Trp719Arg Genotype
|
|
In terms of absolute event rates, among carriers of the KIF6 719Arg variant the Kaplan-Meier estimates of the cumulative incidence of death or major cardiovascular events at 2 years was 26.0% in the standard-dose pravastatin group and 16.1% in the high-dose atorvastatin group (log-rank p < 0.001) (Fig. 1A), an absolute risk reduction of 10.0% (95% CI 4.9% to 15.0%) favoring the intensive-therapy regimen. However, among noncarriers, the cumulative incidence of death or major cardiovascular events was essentially the same in the 2 treatment groups: 24.7% in the standard-dose pravastatin group and 23.9% in the high-dose atorvastatin group (log-rank p = 1.0) (Fig. 1B), an absolute risk reduction of 0.8% (95% CI –5.6% to 7.3%).
View larger version (20K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
[Download PPT slide]
|
Figure 1 Primary End Point According to Treatment and KIF6 719Arg Carrier Status
Kaplan-Meier estimates of the cumulative incidence of death or major cardiovascular events in the high-dose atorvastatin and standard-dose pravastatin treatment groups: (A) among carriers of the KIF6 719Arg variant; (B) among noncarriers of the KIF6 719Arg variant. The log-rank p values are based on 2 years of follow-up. The unadjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) are based on 30 months of follow-up.
|
|
Moreover, in carriers of 719Arg, the substantial and significant benefit from intensive therapy, compared with moderate therapy, was evident as early as 30 days after randomization and remained significant throughout the trial: the unadjusted HR at 30 days was 0.18 (95% CI 0.04 to 0.81) (Fig. 2). In contrast to the early benefit seen in carriers, in noncarriers there was no significant benefit of intensive therapy, compared with moderate therapy, at any time point (Fig. 2).
View larger version (14K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
[Download PPT slide]
|
Figure 2 Time to Benefit According to KIF6 719Arg Carrier Status
Hazard ratio for death or major cardiovascular events at 30, 90, and 180 days, 2 years, and at the end of follow-up. High-dose atorvastatin therapy was compared with standard-dose pravastatin therapy according to KIF6 719Arg carrier status. The cumulative incidence of death or major cardiovascular events was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. CI = confidence interval.
|
|
Because LDL-C cholesterol, CRP, and triglyceride levels are risk factors for cardiovascular events and can be reduced by intensive statin therapy (18,19), we explored whether the changes in the levels of these risk factors in response to treatment with either high-dose atorvastatin or standard-dose pravastatin differed between carriers and noncarriers of the KIF6 719Arg allele. We found no evidence in either the high-dose atorvastatin group or in the standard-dose pravastatin group that these risk factors differed between carriers and noncarriers at any time during therapy. Specifically, in both treatment groups, no significant differences in median LDL-C, CRP, or triglyceride levels were found between carriers and noncarriers at baseline or at any scheduled visit during the study (p 0.3; data not presented).
KIF6 719Arg and risk of events.
Because a previous genetic study of the CARE and WOSCOPS trials had shown that carriers of the KIF6 719Arg variant were at increased risk of CHD compared with noncarriers in placebo-treated patients and that standard-dose pravastatin treatment ameliorated the increased risk associated with the 719Arg variant (8,9), we investigated the association between 719Arg allele and risk in the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 trial. As observed in the CARE and WOSCOPS trials, we found that in the standard-dose pravastatin–treated patients carriers of the KIF6 719Arg allele were not at increased risk of death or major coronary events compared with noncarriers (adjusted HR 1.12, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.45; p = 0.45). In the high-dose atorvastatin group, carriers were actually at decreased risk (adjusted HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.48 to 0.88; p = 0.005).
|
Discussion
|
|---|
In this genetic study of the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 study, a clinical trial that enrolled patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome, we found that intensive statin therapy (80 mg atorvastatin per day, the highest approved dose of this potent statin), compared with standard statin therapy (40 mg pravastatin per day), was significantly more efficacious in reducing death and major cardiovascular events in the 59% of the patients who were carriers of the KIF6 719Arg variant than in the remaining 41% of the population who were noncarriers (relative risk reduction 41% vs. 6%, respectively). In the face of equal lipid lowering in carriers and in noncarriers, absolute risk reductions were 10.0% in carriers and 0.8% in noncarriers after 2 years of treatment. Thus, only 10 carriers of the KIF6 719Arg variant needed to be treated with intensive statin therapy to prevent 1 event; in contrast, the number needed to treat for noncarriers was 125.
Our findings in the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 trial are consistent with and extend observations made in 2 other distinct clinical trial populations: CARE and WOSCOPS (8). The KIF6 719Arg variant has now been investigated in genetic studies of 3 trials that included over 6,200 patients: 2 studies of 40 mg pravastatin (a lipophilic statin) per day versus placebo (8) and the present study of 80 mg atorvastatin (a hydrophilic statin) per day versus 40 mg pravastatin per day. In all 3 of these genetic studies, the efficacy of the more intensive lipid-lowering therapy in reducing coronary events was greater in carriers (37% to 50% relative risk reductions) than in noncarriers (6% to 20% risk reductions) (Fig. 3).
View larger version (15K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
[Download PPT slide]
|
Figure 3 Effect of Statin Therapy According to KIF6 Trp719Arg in 3 Studies
Effect of statin therapy on fatal coronary heart disease or nonfatal myocardial infarction in the CARE trial, coronary heart disease in the WOSCOPS trial, and death or major cardiovascular events in the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 trial according to KIF6 719Arg carrier status. In both the CARE trial, a secondary prevention study, and the WOSCOPS trial, a primary prevention study, the effect of pravastatin (40 mg) was compared with placebo. In the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 trial, a secondary prevention study, the effect of atorvastatin (80 mg) was compared with pravastatin (40 mg). We used Cox proportional hazards models in the CARE and PROVE IT-TIMI 22 trials and conditional logistic regression in the nested case-control study of the WOSCOPS trial. CI = confidence interval.
|
|
Among carriers of KIF6 719Arg the superiority of intensive, compared with standard, statin therapy was substantial and significant as early as 30 days after the start of the treatment; however, in noncarriers there was no significant benefit from intensive therapy at any point during the study. This early superiority of intensive therapy in carriers may be due to an early plaque-stabilizing effect of the intensive-treatment regimen, a pleiotropic effect that has been proposed to explain the early benefit from statin therapy that appears not to be due to LDL lowering (20,21). A pleiotropic mechanism would be consistent with our observation that on-treatment median LDL-C levels did not differ between carriers and noncarriers. Additionally, this early benefit from intensive statin therapy in carriers of KIF6 719Arg variant is likely to be distinct from anti-inflammatory mechanisms related to the reduction of CRP levels, because carriers and noncarriers did not differ in median CRP levels at baseline or during the trial.
The KIF6 719Arg variant was associated with an increased risk of coronary events in the ARIC study, a large population-based cohort of over 15,000 subjects (9), in the WHS, a large population-based cohort of over 25,000 women (10), and in the placebo groups of the WOSCOPS and CARE trials (8). However, statin therapy appears to ameliorate this risk: carriers of the 719Arg variant who were treated with standard-dose pravastatin were not at increased risk compared with noncarriers in the CARE and WOSCOPS trials (8). And similarly, in the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 trial, carriers of 719Arg who were treated with standard-dose pravastatin were not at increased risk compared with noncarriers who were treated with standard-dose pravastatin. A hypothesis that could explain these observations is that, for patients on statin therapy, the risk of coronary events depends on the balance between the 2 effects associated with the 719Arg variant: increased risk of coronary events and enhanced benefit from statin therapy. Thus, among patients on placebo, carriers of 719Arg were at 50% greater risk compared with noncarriers. However, among patients on standard-dose pravastatin, carriers and noncarriers were at similar levels of risk, because the increased risk associated with the 719Arg allele was balanced, or offset, by the increased benefit from statin therapy associated with the 719Arg allele. Finally, among patients on the more potent high-dose atorvastatin regimen, carriers, with their enhanced benefit from statin therapy, were actually at decreased risk of coronary events compared with noncarriers.
In the KIF6 719Arg variant, a basic arginine residue replaces a nonpolar tryptophan residue. Because this amino acid substitution is in a predicted coiled-coil region of the KIF6 protein, the change might affect the cargo binding of the kinesin (22). Several kinesins have been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, type 2 diabetes, and Alzheimer’s disease (23). We believe that functional studies that explore the mechanism by which the KIF6 kinesin and the 719Arg variant affect cardiovascular disease are now warranted, given the consistency of the association in multiple prospective cohorts. Such studies are particularly important to help explain why the benefit from atorvastatin (80 mg), compared with pravastatin (40 mg) differed between carriers and noncarriers despite similar on-therapy plasma LDL-C and CRP levels.
Study limitations.
This genetic study was not a part of the study protocol for the original PROVE IT-TIMI 22 trial and included only the white patients who were predominantly middle-aged men; therefore, the effect of the intensive statin therapy in carriers and noncarriers of the KIF6 719Arg variant should be further investigated in additional ethnic groups, women, and older patients after acute coronary syndromes. Although genetic studies of the PROVE IT-TIMI 22, WOSCOPS, and CARE trials (comprising about 6,000 patients) showed that carriers of the KIF6 719Arg allele receive significant clinical benefit from atorvastatin (80 mg) compared with pravastatin (40 mg), and from pravastatin (40 mg) compared with placebo (8), whereas noncarriers do not, these observations should be confirmed in other larger studies. In addition, although 2 different statins were studied, our findings may not extend to other statins. It is also not clear whether differential benefit between carriers and noncarriers from intensive statin therapy compared with standard treatment is restricted only to benefit from high-dose atorvastatin compared with standard-dose pravastatin or can be extrapolated to different doses of the same statin. This question could be addressed by conducting a genetic study of KIF6 Trp719Arg polymorphism in clinical trials that compare different doses of the same statin.
|
Conclusions
|
|---|
Carriers of the 719Arg allele are at increased risk of fatal or nonfatal coronary events when not treated with statins (8–10), and they clearly benefit from statin therapy, whether it be standard-dose pravastatin compared with placebo (8) or high-dose atorvastatin therapy compared with standard-dose pravastatin. In contrast, noncarriers not only were at lower risk than carriers in the ARIC and WHS trials and in the placebo groups of the CARE and WOSCOPS trials, but noncarriers also received less benefit from statin treatment than did carriers in the CARE, WOSCOPS, and PROVE IT-TIMI 22 trials. The absence of significant benefit from intensive statin therapy in noncarriers does not preclude the possibility that a portion of noncarriers do benefit from statin therapy, but it does suggest that noncarriers may be treated with standard statin therapy and also with other lipid-modifying drugs or by strategies that target other risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, or smoking. The biological explanations for the observed difference in treatment benefit should be provided by functional studies of this kinesin motor protein, studies which could also offer important additional insights into the biology of lipid metabolism and acute coronary syndromes that could, in turn, generate novel targets for therapeutic intervention and lead to better-tailored therapy for patients.
|
Acknowledgments
|
|---|
The authors express their gratitude to the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 trial patients; to Drs. Thomas White and John Sninsky for helpful comments on the manuscript; to the Celera high throughput group for genotyping data; and to Dr. David Ross, Dr. Goran Gogic, Joel Bolonick, Migdad Machrus, Daniel Civello, Alla Smolgovsky, David Wolfson, and Kevin Tsai for computational biology support.
|
Footnotes
|
|---|
Supported by research grants from Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute (to Drs. Braunwald and Cannon). Genotyping and statistical analysis was funded by Celera.
|
References
|
|---|
1. Chen Q, Reis SE, Kammerer CM, et al. APOE polymorphism and angiographic coronary artery disease severity in the Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) study Atherosclerosis 2003;169:159-167.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]2. Cohen JC, Boerwinkle E, Mosley Jr. TH, Hobbs HH. Sequence variations in PCSK9, low LDL, and protection against coronary heart disease N Engl J Med 2006;354:1264-1272.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] 3. Florez JC, Jablonski KA, Bayley N, et al. TCF7L2 polymorphisms and progression to diabetes in the Diabetes Prevention Program N Engl J Med 2006;355:241-250.[CrossRef][Medline] 4. Gibbons GH, Liew CC, Goodarzi MO, et al. Genetic markers: progress and potential for cardiovascular disease Circulation 2004;109:IV47-IV58.[Medline] 5. Arnett DK, Baird AE, Barkley RA, et al. Relevance of genetics and genomics for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, the Stroke Council, and the Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Group Circulation 2007;115:2878-2901.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 6. Hirokawa N. Kinesin and dynein superfamily proteins and the mechanism of organelle transport Science 1998;279:519-526.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 7. Miki H, Okada Y, Hirokawa N. Analysis of the kinesin superfamily: insights into structure and function Trends Cell Biol 2005;15:467-476.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] 8. Iakoubova OA, Tong CH, Rowland CM, et al. Association of the Trp719Arg polymorphism in kinesin-like protein 6 with myocardial infarction and coronary heart disease in 2 prospective trials: the CARE and WOSCOPS trials J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51:435-443.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 9. Morrison AC, Bare LA, Chambless LE, et al. Prediction of coronary heart disease risk using a genetic risk score: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study Am J Epidemiol 2007;166:28-35.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 10. Shiffman D, Chasman DI, Zee RYL, et al. A kinesin family member 6 (KIF6) variant is associated with coronary heart disease in the Women’s Health Study J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51:444-448.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 11. Kajinami K, Okabayashi M, Sato R, Polisecki E, Schaefer EJ. Statin pharmacogenomics: what have we learned, and what remains unanswered? Curr Opin Lipidol 2005;16:606-613.[Web of Science][Medline] 12. Schmitz G, Langmann T. Pharmacogenomics of cholesterol-lowering therapy Vascul Pharmacol 2006;44:75-89.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] 13. Schmitz G, Schmitz-Madry A, Ugocsai P. Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics of cholesterol-lowering therapy Curr Opin Lipidol 2007;18:164-173.[Web of Science][Medline] 14. Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, et al. Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes N Engl J Med 2004;350:1495-1504.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] 15. Germer S, Holland MJ, Higuchi R. High-throughput SNP allele-frequency determination in pooled DNA samples by kinetic PCR Genome Res 2000;10:258-266.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 16. Iannone MA, Taylor JD, Chen J, et al. Multiplexed single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping by oligonucleotide ligation and flow cytometry Cytometry 2000;39:131-140.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] 17. Weir BS. Genetic Data Analysis IISunderland: Sinauer Associates Inc.; 1996. 18. Ridker PM, Cannon CP, Morrow D, et al. C-Reactive protein levels and outcomes after statin therapy N Engl J Med 2005;352:20-28.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] 19. LaRosa JC, Grundy SM, Waters DD, et al. Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease N Engl J Med 2005;352:1425-1435.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] 20. Schwartz GG, Olsson AG. The case for intensive statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes Am J Cardiol 2005;96:45F-53F.[Web of Science][Medline] 21. Halcox JP, Deanfield JE. Beyond the laboratory: clinical implications for statin pleiotropy Circulation 2004;109:II42-II48.[Medline] 22. Seiler S, Kirchner J, Horn C, Kallipolitou A, Woehlke G, Schliwa M. Cargo binding and regulatory sites in the tail of fungal conventional kinesin Nat Cell Biol 2000;2:333-338.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] 23. Seog DH, Lee DH, Lee SK. Molecular motor proteins of the kinesin superfamily proteins (KIFs): structure, cargo and disease J Korean Med Sci 2004;19:1-7.[Web of Science][Medline]
Related Article
-
Surprises of the Genome and "Personalized" Medicine
- Ali J. Marian
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2008 51: 456-458.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
|
|
 
J. J. W. Verschuren, S. Trompet, J. A. M. Wessels, H.-J. Guchelaar, M. P. M. de Maat, M. L. Simoons, and J. W. Jukema
A systematic review on pharmacogenetics in cardiovascular disease: is it ready for clinical application?
Eur. Heart J.,
January 2, 2012;
33(2):
165 - 175.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. M. Ridker, J. G. MacFadyen, R. J. Glynn, and D. I. Chasman
Kinesin-Like Protein 6 (KIF6) Polymorphism and the Efficacy of Rosuvastatin in Primary Prevention
Circ Cardiovasc Genet,
June 1, 2011;
4(3):
312 - 317.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. C. Hopewell, S. Parish, R. Clarke, J. Armitage, L. Bowman, J. Hager, M. Lathrop, R. Collins, and MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group
No Impact of KIF6 Genotype on Vascular Risk and Statin Response Among 18,348 Randomized Patients in the Heart Protection Study
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
May 17, 2011;
57(20):
2000 - 2007.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. B. Damani and E. J. Topol
Emerging Genomic Applications in Coronary Artery Disease
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Intv.,
May 1, 2011;
4(5):
473 - 482.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. S. Epstein
Medication Adherence: Hope for Improvement?
Mayo Clin. Proc.,
April 1, 2011;
86(4):
268 - 270.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Versmissen, D. M. Oosterveer, M. Yazdanpanah, M. Mulder, A. Dehghan, J. C. Defesche, J. J. P. Kastelein, and E. J. G. Sijbrands
A frequent variant in the ABCA1 gene is associated with increased coronary heart disease risk and a better response to statin treatment in familial hypercholesterolemia patients
Eur. Heart J.,
February 2, 2011;
32(4):
469 - 475.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. L. Assimes, H. Holm, S. Kathiresan, M. P. Reilly, G. Thorleifsson, B. F. Voight, J. Erdmann, C. Willenborg, D. Vaidya, C. Xie, et al.
Lack of Association Between the Trp719Arg Polymorphism in Kinesin-Like Protein-6 and Coronary Artery Disease in 19 Case-Control Studies
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
November 2, 2010;
56(19):
1552 - 1563.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. J. Topol and S. B. Damani
The KIF6 Collapse
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
November 2, 2010;
56(19):
1564 - 1566.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. S. Forrester
Redefining Normal Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol: A Strategy to Unseat Coronary Disease as the Nation's Leading Killer
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
August 17, 2010;
56(8):
630 - 636.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. A. Iakoubova, M. Robertson, C. H. Tong, C. M. Rowland, J. J. Catanese, G. J. Blauw, J. W. Jukema, M. B. Murphy, J. J. Devlin, I. Ford, et al.
KIF6 Trp719Arg polymorphism and the effect of statin therapy in elderly patients: results from the PROSPER study
European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation,
August 1, 2010;
17(4):
455 - 461.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. S. Ginsburg and D. Voora
The Long and Winding Road to Warfarin Pharmacogenetic Testing
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
June 22, 2010;
55(25):
2813 - 2815.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M. Lipkin, E. C. Chao, V. Moreno, L. S. Rozek, H. Rennert, M. Pinchev, D. Dizon, G. Rennert, L. Kopelovich, and S. B. Gruber
Genetic Variation in 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl CoA Reductase Modifies the Chemopreventive Activity of Statins for Colorectal Cancer
Cancer Prevention Research,
May 1, 2010;
3(5):
597 - 603.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. R. Superko, K. Momary, and S. King III
Statins in Acute Coronary Syndromes and Genetic Insight
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
March 23, 2010;
55(12):
1281 - 1282.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. R. Superko and S. King III
Letter by Superko and King Regarding Article, "Lipid Treatment Assessment Project 2: A Multinational Survey to Evaluate the Proportion of Patients Achieving Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Goals"
Circulation,
March 9, 2010;
121(9):
e233 - e233.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. L. Mega, D. A. Morrow, A. Brown, C. P. Cannon, and M. S. Sabatine
Identification of Genetic Variants Associated With Response to Statin Therapy
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol,
September 1, 2009;
29(9):
1310 - 1315.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. F.R. Stewart, S. Dandona, L. Chen, O. Assogba, M. Belanger, G. Ewart, R. LaRose, H. Doelle, K. Williams, G. A. Wells, et al.
Kinesin Family Member 6 Variant Trp719Arg Does Not Associate With Angiographically Defined Coronary Artery Disease in the Ottawa Heart Genomics Study
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
April 21, 2009;
53(16):
1471 - 1472.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. S. Plump and P. Y. Lum
Genomics and Cardiovascular Drug Development
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
March 31, 2009;
53(13):
1089 - 1100.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. I. Chasman, G. Pare, and P. M Ridker
Population-Based Genomewide Genetic Analysis of Common Clinical Chemistry Analytes
Clin. Chem.,
January 1, 2009;
55(1):
39 - 51.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. J. Kirk, J. L. Hung, S. R. Horner, and J. T. Perez
Implications of Pharmacogenomics for Drug Development
Exp Biol Med,
December 1, 2008;
233(12):
1484 - 1497.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. P. Giugliano and E. Braunwald
The Year in Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
September 23, 2008;
52(13):
1095 - 1103.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. Iakoubova, J. Shepherd, and F. Sacks
Association of the 719Arg Variant of KIF6 With Both Increased Risk of Coronary Events and With Greater Response to Statin Therapy
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
June 3, 2008;
51(22):
2195 - 2195.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. J. Marian
Reply
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
June 3, 2008;
51(22):
2195 - 2196.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Braunwald
The Management of Heart Failure: The Past, the Present, and the Future
Circ Heart Fail,
May 1, 2008;
1(1):
58 - 62.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. J. Marian
Surprises of the Genome and "Personalized" Medicine
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
January 29, 2008;
51(4):
456 - 458.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
Top
Abstract
Methods