CLINICAL RESEARCH: INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGY
Clinical Efficacy of Drug-Eluting Stents in Diabetic PatientsA Meta-Analysis
Ehtisham Mahmud, MD, FACC*,
Guilherme Bromberg-Marin, MD,
Vachaspathi Palakodeti, MD, FACC,
Lawrence Ang, BS,
Dana Creanga, PhD and
Anthony N. DeMaria, MD, MACC
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California–San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, California.
Manuscript received April 2, 2007;
revised manuscript received February 21, 2008,
accepted March 7, 2008.
* Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Ehtisham Mahmud, Director, Cardiovascular Catheterization Laboratories, University of California, San Diego Medical Center, 200 West Arbor Drive, San Diego, California 92103-8784. (Email: emahmud{at}ucsd.edu).
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Abstract
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Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare estimates for revascularization and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) (death, myocardial infarction, repeat revascularization) in diabetic patients treated with paclitaxel- and sirolimus-eluting stents (PES and SES).
Background: Outcomes in diabetic patients treated with PES and SES have not been adequately evaluated.
Methods: We searched MEDLINE/EMBASE from January 2002 to February 2007 and identified abstracts/presentations from this period at major cardiology conferences. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and registries were included if data for diabetic patients treated with PES or SES were available. Point estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed as summary statistics.
Results: In RCTs (13 trials; n = 2,422) similar point estimates for target lesion revascularization (TLR) (PES: 8.6%, 95% CI 6.5% to 11.3%; SES: 7.6%, 95% CI 5.8% to 9.9%) and MACE (PES: 15.4%, 95% CI 12.4% to 19.1%; SES: 12.9%, 95% CI 8.5% to 19.2%) were observed. In head-to-head trials (4 RCTs), no difference in the likelihood of TLR (PES vs. SES) was observed (odds ratio [OR] 1.37, 95% CI 0.64 to 2.9, p = 0.42). In registries (16 registries; n = 10,156), point estimates for target vessel revascularization (TVR) (PES: 5.8%, 95% CI 3.9% to 8.5%; SES: 7.2%, 95% CI 4.6% to 11.2%) and MACE (PES: 10.1%, 95% CI 7.3% to 13.8%; SES: 11.9%, 95% CI 8.6% to 16.4%) were also similar. In registries reporting outcomes with both stents (8 registries for TVR and 7 registries for MACE), the likelihood of TVR (PES vs. SES) (OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.54 to 1.10, p = 0.15) and MACE (OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.68 to 1.01, p = 0.056) were nonsignificantly lower with PES.
Conclusions: This analysis of over 11,000 diabetic patients treated with drug-eluting stents demonstrates single-digit revascularization rates. Furthermore, revascularization and MACE estimates are similar with both PES and SES.
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Abbreviations and Acronyms
| | BMS = bare-metal stent(s) | | CI = confidence interval | | DES = drug-eluting stent(s) | | MACE = major adverse cardiac event | | OR = odds ratio | | PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention | | PES = paclitaxel-eluting stent(s) | | RCT = randomized controlled trial | | SES = sirolimus-eluting stent(s) | | TLR = target lesion revascularization | | TVR = target vessel revascularization |
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Epidemiological data have firmly established a relationship between coronary heart disease and diabetes mellitus (1). Although the precise mechanism behind this relationship remains uncertain, hyperglycemia, abnormal lipid metabolism, and insulin resistance, coupled with frequently occurring hypertension, result in acceleration of the atherosclerotic process (2). Coronary artery disease is currently responsible for three-quarters of diabetes-related deaths (3), and as the prevalence of diabetes increases, the number of diabetic patients requiring revascularization for advanced coronary artery disease will escalate.
Outcomes with either percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass graft surgery are poorer for diabetic than nondiabetic patients (4). Percutaneous coronary intervention with bare-metal stents (BMS) was limited in diabetic patients, owing to higher restenosis rates (5). The paclitaxel-eluting stent (PES) Taxus (Boston Scientific, Natick, Massachusetts) and the sirolimus-eluting stent (SES) Cypher (Johnson & Johnson, Miami Lakes, Florida) are both effective in reducing the need for repeat revascularization compared with BMS (6–12), and this has led to PCI being used more frequently in diabetic patients (13,14). However, the use of DES in diabetic patients is considered off label by the Food and Drug Administration, because adequate numbers of diabetic patients have not been evaluated in clinical trials (15,16). Furthermore, data regarding the relative efficacy of the 2 stents in diabetic patients are less clear. There has only been 1 randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing the 2 stents exclusively in diabetic patients, and this study included only 125 patients in each arm and also did not have a clinical end point (17). Because late luminal loss is greater with the PES than the SES (6,12), it could be hypothesized that diabetic patients, who have a higher proclivity to restenosis, would have worse clinical outcomes with the PES. However, an attenuation of the antimigratory effect of sirolimus described in the presence of hyperglycemia (18) could lead to lower efficacy of SES in diabetic patients. In addition, the variability in stent platforms, polymer technology, and delivery systems could also lead to differences in clinical outcomes between the 2 stents.
The evaluation of diabetic patients treated with PES and SES in multiple RCTs and registries provides an opportunity to determine clinical outcomes of DES in diabetic patients and to compare the relative efficacy and safety of these 2 DES. With suggested guidelines (19), this meta-analysis was performed to estimate target lesion revascularization (TLR), major adverse cardiac events (MACE), and stent thrombosis, for diabetic patients receiving either PES or SES as part of an RCT and to compare the efficacy of the 2 DES from head-to-head RCTs. With registry data, we also estimated target vessel revascularization (TVR) and MACE for diabetic patients receiving either DES. Comparison of the 2 DES from registries that reported outcomes with both stents in similar populations was also separately performed. Because angiographic measures, such as binary restenosis and late loss, are debatable end points for clinical utility in individual patients and are not available for most registries, we specifically chose not to include them in this analysis.
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Methods
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Identification and selection of studies.
A search was conducted of the English language published reports in MEDLINE and EMBASE from January 2002 to February 2007. Abstracts and presentations from this time period at major international cardiology conferences (American College of Cardiology, American Heart Association, European Society of Cardiology, Transcatheter Cardiovascular Therapeutics, and Paris Course on Revascularization) were also reviewed. The search terms "drug," "eluting," and "stent" were combined with the terms "registry" or "registries" and then "clinical" and "trial" or "trials" as 2 distinct published report searches. The RCTs and registries were included in the analysis if data for diabetic patients treated with a PES or SES were available for at least 1 of the clinical end points (TLR or MACE for RCTs; TVR or MACE for registries) being assessed and were not duplicative. Target lesion revascularization was defined as any procedure (PCI or coronary artery bypass graft surgery) performed to revascularize the index lesion, whereas TVR was defined as any procedure to revascularize the index vessel. Although the definition of MACE varied slightly in the various studies, it usually consisted of cardiac death, myocardial infarction, and repeat revascularization.
RCTs
All studies and abstracts/presentations were identified and reviewed by at least 2 of the authors. The RCTs were only included in the analysis if they involved de novo coronary lesions, the methodology and results of the trial had been published, and data for the diabetic subset were available. Published data were always given priority, and if the data were unavailable for the diabetic cohort, the principal investigator was contacted and asked to provide the necessary information. There were no numerical limitations regarding trial size for study inclusion. A method of assessing the quality of clinical trials, including RCTs with DES, has been proposed (20), adhering to the principles of evidence-based medicine. The Silber score evaluates various factors that constitute a well-designed RCT, including adequate power, being multicenter, having an independent events committee, and having a primary clinical end point. High scores (closer to 10) suggest a stronger basis for making an evidence-based decision, whereas low scores (closer to 0) provide hypotheses rather than confirmatory evidence. A Silber score was assigned to all of the RCTs.
Registries
All registries with prospectively collected outcomes data after the use of either the PES or SES were identified. Registries were included if data for at least 1 of the end points (TVR or MACE) for diabetic patients could be extracted from the published manuscript or from abstracts/presentations. In addition, registries that were not published in complete form were also analyzed separately.
Statistical methodology.
All analyses were conducted on the basis of the intent-to-treat principle. Point estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed for all outcomes as summary statistics with both random effects (Der Simmonian and Laird method) (21) and fixed effects models (chi-square with normal approximation) (22). The null hypothesis of homogeneity of response across studies was tested with the Cochran Q statistic. If the null hypothesis was rejected, point estimates and 95% CI estimated on the basis of a random effects model were presented. Otherwise, the fixed effects solution was presented. All of the point estimates and comparative analyses from the head-to-head RCTs and registries are based on the random effects solution. The only outcomes presented with the fixed effects solution to derive point estimates and 95% CI are for TLR and MACE for each DES from the RCTs. Because stent thrombosis was a low-incident event, the estimated rate and 95% CIs in the analysis are based on the observed data and represent raw percentages computed as the number of reported stent thromboses out of the total diabetic cohort. Statistical analyses were performed with the Comprehensive Meta-analysis software, version 2.0 (Biostat Inc., Englewood, New Jersey). The results presented in this analysis are based primarily on studies that do not evaluate both PES and SES in the same population. Given the diversity of the populations and the differences between RCT and registry data, a direct head-to-head statistical comparison was not pursued for the entire dataset. However, a comparative analysis is presented for TLR from a subset of head-to-head RCTs in which the 2 stents were compared. Similarly, a comparative analysis of TVR and MACE from a subset of registries that reported outcomes with both DES in similar populations is also presented.
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Results
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RCTs.
There were 13 RCTs that met the inclusion criteria in which 2,422 diabetic patients were enrolled (Table 1). Of these 13 studies, 4 involved a direct head-to-head comparison of the PES and SES (17,23–25), of which only 1 was a multicenter trial (25). The ISAR-DIABETES trial (Intracoronary Stenting and Angiographic Results: Do Diabetic Patients Derive Similar Benefit from Paclitaxel-Eluting and Sirolimus-Eluting Stents) was a 2-center study and is the only trial exclusively conducted in diabetic patients (n = 250) with a direct head-to-head comparison of the 2 DES (17). The TAXi (A Prospective Randomized Comparison Between Paclitaxel and Sirolimus Eluting Stents in the Real World of Interventional Cardiology) trial was a single center comparison between the 2 stents in which one-third of the patients were diabetic (n = 69) (23) (J. J. Goy, personal communication, 2006). The SIRTAX (Sirolimus-eluting and Paclitaxel-eluting Stents for Coronary Revascularization) trial, was a 2-center study that compared outcomes between these 2 DES with a primary clinical end point and enrolled approximately 20% diabetic patients (n = 201) (24,26). The REALITY (Sirolimus- vs. Paclitaxel-Eluting Stents in De Novo Coronary Lesions) trial is the only multicenter clinical trial conducted to compare the 2 DES and enrolled 28% diabetic patients (n = 379) (25,26). The limitations of the 4 aforementioned head-to-head trials include: a small number of centers (17,23,24), absence of an independent core laboratory (17,23,24), an inability to angiographically blind the investigators to the stent placed (17,23–25), and the use of angiographic primary end points (17,25). In the evaluation of these trials with the Silber score, all 4 trials were assigned lower Silber score values than the pivotal RCTs of these DES versus their BMS controls (6,12). In the other 9 RCTs, PES or SES were compared against their BMS control group, except for the ISAR-TEST (Intracoronary Stenting and Restenosis-Test Equivalence Between 2 Drug-Eluting Stents) in which a PES (26% diabetic patients; n = 58) was compared against a BMS coated on-site with nonpolymeric rapamycin (not SES Cypher) (27) (A. Kastrati, personal communication, 2006). The 4 SES trials were all multicenter and included the pivotal SIRIUS (Sirolimus-eluting Balloon-Expandable Stent in the Treatment of Patients with De Novo Native Coronary Artery Lesions) trial (6,28–30) but only 1 trial that exclusively enrolled diabetic patients (n = 160) (28). The 4 PES trials were also all multicenter and included the pivotal Taxus IV study (13) in addition to the Taxus V and VI trials, which enrolled increasingly complex lesions and patients (31–35).
Clinical follow-up was obtained in all studies at 8 to 12 months, whereas angiographic follow-up was obtained in >75% of patients in all studies except the SIRTAX (53.4% angiographic follow-up) and TAXi trials (no angiographic evaluation mandated). Many published sources only provided patient age and gender for the entire population (diabetic and nondiabetic), but when diabetic patient information was provided (13,17,28–30) no differences in age or gender were noted. The definition of MACE (cardiac death, myocardial infarction, ischemia driven TLR or TVR) was reasonably homogenous across the trials. However, subtle variations in the definition included all cause mortality and documented stent thrombosis or occlusion in the TAXi and ISAR-TEST trials as additional MACE end points (23,27). Three trials did not require revascularization to be ischemia driven (28,30,31). Data concerning stent thrombosis were only available for 8 studies (13,17,24–26,28–30,33,34) and were based on reported events similar to those in "real world" studies (36) and before the use of the recently agreed upon Academic Research Consortium definition of stent thrombosis (37). Dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and a thienopyridine was routinely recommended for at least 6 months after the placement of a PES and for at least 2 to 3 months after the placement of an SES in the various trials.
Registries.
There were 16 registries involving 10,156 diabetic patients (PES 5,597; SES 4,559) that met the inclusion criteria and were included in this meta-analysis (Table 2) (38–53). Six of these registries have been published in complete form (38,39,42,45,47,49), whereas data from the other 10 are derived from published abstracts and presentations. The majority of registries (10 studies) (40,41,43,46,48–53) were multicenter, whereas data from 8 registries (38–45) were comparative between the 2 DES. Follow-up was between 6 and 12 months after the index procedure, and the major clinical outcomes of TVR and MACE (death, myocardial infarction, and TVR) were available for most studies. To maintain consistency, when MACE events were reported separately as TLR-MACE and TVR-MACE, we chose to report and include only TVR-MACE in the analysis. Patient age and gender data were only available for the diabetic patients from 9 registries (39–42,44,45,47,49,50). With the exception of ARTS II (Arterial Revascularization Therapy Study II) (49), which was a registry-controlled trial, all of the other registries reported "real-world" experience that included evaluation of DES in simple and complex lesions during single and multivessel PCI. Mandatory angiographic follow-up was only required in 4 registries (46,47,49,50), and therefore the majority of outcomes events were clinically driven. Dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and a thienopyridine was routinely recommended for at least 6 months after the placement of a PES and for at least 3 months after the placement of an SES.
Pooled analysis.
The pooled analysis of the RCTs yields estimated rates of TLR (PES: 8.6%, 95% CI 6.5% to 11.3%; SES: 7.6%, 95% CI 5.8% to 9.9%) and MACE (PES: 15.4%, 95% CI 12.4% to 19.1%; SES: 12.9%, 95% CI 8.5% to 19.2%) in diabetic patients that were similar for both DES with overlapping CIs for the respective point estimates (Table 3) (Fig. 1A). The estimated rates of stent thrombosis (PES: 1.48%, 95% CI 0.74% to 2.63%; SES: 0.55%, 95% CI 0.11% to 1.59%) were low for both stents. Because studies with lower Silber scores more often generate hypotheses than resolve questions (20), we repeated the analysis for patients enrolled in trials with a Silber score >5, which resulted in exclusion of 4 studies (17,23,25,27). In the studies with higher Silber scores (6,13,24,28–36), the estimated rates of TLR (PES: 8.9%, 95% CI 6.2% to 12.6%; SES: 8.0%, 95% CI 5.4% to 11.6%), MACE (PES: 16.2%, 95% CI 12.8% to 20.4%; SES: 13.8%, 95% CI 8.7% to 21.0%), and stent thrombosis (PES: 1.23%, 95% CI 0.34% to 3.12%; SES: 0.42%, 95% CI 0.01% to 2.34%) were also similar for both DES (Table 3) (Fig. 1B). A head-to-head comparison of TLR from the 4 RCTs (17,24–27) (A. Kastrati, J. J. Goy, personal communication, 2006) that enrolled diabetic patients treated with both DES revealed no difference in the likelihood of requiring revascularization with either stent in diabetic patients (PES vs. SES; odds ratio [OR] 1.37, 95% CI 0.64 to 2.9, p = 0.42) (Fig. 2).
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Figure 1 Clinical Event Rates for Diabetic Patients Treated With DES in RCTs
Point estimates for target lesion revascularization and major adverse cardiac events for diabetic patients treated with drug-eluting stents (DES) in (A) all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and (B) RCTs with Silber score >5. Bars indicate 95% confidence intervals.
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Figure 2 Comparative Analysis of Target Lesion Revascularization With Drug-Eluting Stents in Diabetic Patients From Head-to-Head Randomized Controlled Trials
Likelihood of target lesion revascularization (paclitaxel-eluting stent [PES] vs. sirolimus-eluting stent [SES]) (n = 899 diabetic patients). Size of boxes indicates relative contribution of each trial. See Table 1 for further details regarding the individual trials included. CI = confidence interval; ISAR-DIABETES = Intracoronary Stenting and Angiographic Results: Do Diabetic Patients Derive Similar Benefit from Paclitaxel-Eluting and Sirolimus-Eluting Stents trial; pc = personal communication from J. J. Goy, 2006; REALITY = Sirolimus- vs Paclitaxel-Eluting Stents in De Novo Coronary Artery Lesions trial; SIRTAX = Sirolimus-eluting and Paclitaxel-eluting Stents for Coronary Revascularization trial; TAXi = A Prospective Randomized Comparison Between Paclitaxel and Sirolimus Eluting Stents in the Real World of Interventional Cardiology trial.
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When evaluating the registries, the point estimates for TVR (PES: 5.8%, 95% CI 3.8% to 8.5%; SES: 7.2%, 95% CI 4.6% to 11.2%) and MACE (PES: 10.1%, 95% CI 7.3% to 13.8%; SES: 11.9%, 95% CI 8.6% to 16.4%) showed similar and low rates for both DES (Table 3) (Fig. 3). Because all of the registries had not appeared in a peer-reviewed journal at the time of this study, the analysis was repeated separately for those published and revealed a similar rate of TVR and MACE with both stents, although the absolute event rates in the published studies were higher (Table 3). Eight registries (38–45) reported outcomes of TVR with both stents in similar populations, whereas 7 registries (38–42,44,45) reported outcomes of MACE with both stents in similar populations. A comparative analysis of these studies revealed likelihood of TVR (PES vs. SES; OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.54 to 1.10, p = 0.15) (Fig. 4A) and MACE (PES vs. SES; OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.68 to 1.01, p = 0.056) (Fig. 4B) to be nonsignificantly lower with the PES.
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Figure 3 Clinical Event Rates for Diabetic Patients Treated With Drug-Eluting Stents in Registries
Point estimates for target vessel revascularization and major adverse cardiac events for diabetic patients treated with drug-eluting stents in all registries. Bars indicate 95% confidence intervals.
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Figure 4 Comparative Analysis of Clinical Events for Diabetic Patients Treated With Drug-Eluting Stents in Registries Enrolling Similar Populations
(A) Likelihood of target vessel revascularization (PES vs. SES) (n = 5,542 diabetic patients). (B) Likelihood of major adverse cardiac events (PES vs. SES) (n = 5,006 diabetic patients). Size of boxes indicates relative contribution of each study. See Table 2 for further details regarding registries included. C REWARDS = Cypher Registry Experience at the Washington Hospital Center With Drug-Eluting Stents; RESEARCH/T-SEARCH = Rapamycin-Eluting and Taxus Stent Evaluated At Rotterdam Cardiology Hospital registries; SOLACI = Society of Latin American Interventional Cardiologists registry; STENT = Strategic Transcatheter Evaluation of New Therapies group; T REWARDS = Taxus Registry Experience at the Washington Hospital Center With Drug-Eluting Stents; TC-WYRE = The Taxus Cypher "What's Your Real-World Experience" study; other abbreviations as in Figure 2.
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Discussion
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This report of over 12,000 diabetic patients is the largest study evaluating outcomes of DES in diabetic patients and provides a number of important findings. This meta-analysis demonstrates that DES are highly effective in reducing the need for repeat revascularization in diabetic patients, decreasing the incidence to single digits. Moreover, in addition to the results obtained in pivotal RCTs of DES, these results are also seen in high-risk "real world" populations. Furthermore, this analysis represents the most comprehensive and definitive data showing that the rates of repeat revascularization, MACE, and stent thrombosis are similar for PES and SES. The data also demonstrate that short-term stent thrombosis rates with both DES are low in diabetic patients and comparable to those reported for unselected populations (54).
Diabetic patients are predisposed to more aggressive atherosclerosis and are at high risk for restenosis (1–5). They usually have smaller vessels and longer lesions, which are additional predictors of restenosis (2–5). Despite these facts, this analysis demonstrates that single-digit rates of repeat revascularization can be achieved in diabetic patients with DES, which represents a significant improvement over the 20% to 40% rate of repeat revascularization previously seen with BMS (6,12,28,30). Importantly, low revascularization rates were observed not only in RCTs, which typically include selected and lower-risk individuals, but also in registries, which include a much broader patient population and lesion subset.
Surprisingly, the estimated rate of repeat intervention in diabetic patients from registry data (TVR: PES 5.8%, SES 7.2%) was lower than the rate from the RCTs (TLR: PES 8.6%, SES 7.6%), despite including reintervention for any lesion in the treated artery. However, this is consistent with previous studies that have demonstrated a higher reintervention rate in RCTs with mandated angiographic follow-up (55), whereas reintervention is usually symptom-driven in registries. Therefore, even though registries typically include more higher-risk patients than are usually enrolled in RCTs, the actual rate of revascularization is often lower (2).
The current analysis demonstrates that in diabetic patients the estimated rates of TLR, TVR, and MACE are similar for patients receiving a PES or an SES (Figs. 1 to 4). These data do not confirm the results of a single study involving 2 centers (17) that suggested a difference in clinical outcomes between PES and SES in diabetic patients. The analysis was repeated for multicenter RCTs with a Silber score exceeding 5 (20), to ensure that data were reliable and in adherence with the principles of evidence-based medicine. This revealed that the numerical differences in TLR and MACE rates between PES and SES were even less pronounced in these studies (Fig. 1B). Rates of MACE and stent thrombosis with either DES were also considered comparable to those previously reported for nondiabetic patients (56).
Analysis of the 4 RCTs that reported a head-to-head comparison of PES and SES also demonstrated no difference in the rate of repeat revascularization between the 2 stents. These data provide the strongest evidence that any difference that might exist in late loss or binary restenosis between these 2 stents does not play a clinically meaningful role in the treatment of diabetic patients. These findings contrast with the results of a previous meta-analysis, not limited to diabetic patients, in which the TLR rate in populations was lower in patients treated with SES (5.1%) compared with PES (7.8%) (OR 0.64; 95% CI 0.49 to 0.84; p < 0.001) (54). Because late lumen loss and the degree of neointimal tissue formation is greater with PES compared with SES (2,6,54), one might have expected clinically significant differences in revascularization rates in diabetic patients with the 2 stents. Our findings might be due to a difference in the mechanism of action of paclitaxel and sirolimus in diabetic patients. Both drugs act by reducing smooth muscle cell proliferation, which is central to the development of neointimal hyperplasia and restenosis, through inhibition of the cell cycle. Sirolimus induces G1 cell cycle inhibition, whereas paclitaxel predominantly leads to M-phase arrest (57). Smooth muscle cell cultures have been used to compare the activities of sirolimus and paclitaxel in a model of diabetes. Although both drugs activate mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways similarly, sirolimus potently activates AKT-dependent signaling, overriding the down-regulation of this pathway by insulin resistance. This effect is associated with attenuation of the antimigratory effects of sirolimus in the presence of hyperglycemia, which might account for decreased efficacy in diabetic patients as opposed to nondiabetic patients (18). Two-year outcomes for diabetic patients treated with PES or SES available from 1 single-center registry are consistent with this hypothesis, because TVR at 2 years was numerically lower for diabetic patients treated with PES (9.7% PES vs. 15.3% SES, p = 0.06) (58). However, the results of our comparative analysis of TVR and MACE from registries reporting outcomes with both DES did not demonstrate a significant difference between the 2 DES (Fig. 4).
The occurrence of late stent thrombosis with DES is an increasingly important topic. Several pathological studies have shown that neointimal coverage might be incomplete 3 to 6 months after DES implantation, and this has been associated with subclinical thrombus formation (59). The risk of stent thrombosis might be even greater in diabetic patients. In a porcine model, uncontrolled hyperglycemia resulted in increased thrombosis after coronary stent placement (60), and diabetes has also been associated with a higher rate of late stent thrombosis (36). In this meta-analysis, the reported rates of short-term stent thrombosis for both DES were low (PES 1.48%; SES 0.55%) and similar to those previously reported for mixed diabetic and nondiabetic populations (PES 1.1%, SES 0.9%) (54). However, these results should be interpreted with caution, given the small number of events reported, the nonuniform definitions used, and the intermediate follow-up period of 6 to 12 months in the studies included in this analysis.
Study limitations.
Owing to the differences in angiographic appearance of PES and SES, it is impossible to adequately blind observers to the 2 stents. All studies were open label in design and therefore might have been subject to observer bias. Because data were collected from a variety of studies, the length of follow-up varied and baseline data were heterogenous. Use of the random effects model should help overcome some of these limitations. Furthermore, data from registries are nonrandomized and suffer from selection bias. We did not include studies evaluating newer DES, because intermediate and long-term outcomes with these stents are not yet available. Owing to the low number of events, nonuniform definitions, and the absence of long-term follow-up, this study is unable to definitively address the issue of late stent thrombosis with DES in diabetic patients. Whereas individual patient data are preferred for any analysis, in the absence of access to such data, clinical inferences based on summarized results are informative. With over 12,000 diabetic patients (over 11,000 treated with DES) in this analysis, we believe reliable conclusions can be drawn regarding similar clinical outcomes with both PES and SES in diabetic patients.
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Conclusions
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This meta-analysis demonstrates that DES are associated with single-digit repeat revascularization rates in diabetic patients. No differences in clinical outcomes with the use of PES or SES were observed in these patients.
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Acknowledgments
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The authors would like to thank Ross J. Kay, PhD, for editorial assistance. Editorial support was provided by Boston Scientific.
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Footnotes
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Dr. Mahmud has received research and clinical trial support in the past from Boston Scientific and Cordis Corporation, manufacturers of paclitaxel- and sirolimus-eluting stents, respectively. Dr. Bromberg-Marin has received educational assistance from both Boston Scientific and Cordis Corporation in the form of a training fellowship grant. Dr. Creanga is an independent biostatistician and consultant and has also provided statistical service for this project and was funded by Boston Scientific. Steven E. Nissen, MD, served as Guest Editor for this article.
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