CLINICAL RESEARCH: INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGY
Long-Term Clinical Outcomes With Sirolimus-Eluting Coronary StentsFive-Year Results of the RAVEL Trial
Marie-Claude Morice, MD, FACC, FESC*,*,
Patrick W. Serruys, MD, PhD, FACC ,
Paul Barragan, MD ,
Christoph Bode, MD ,
Gerrit-Anne Van Es, PhD||,
Hans-Peter Stoll, MD¶,
David Snead, PhD#,
Laura Mauri, MD, MSc, FACC**,
Donald E. Cutlip, MD, FACC** and
Eduardo Sousa, MD, PhD, FACC
* Institut Cardiovasculaire Paris Sud, Massy, France
Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
Clinique Beauregard, Marseille, France
Albert-Ludwigs-Universitätskliniken, Kardiologie, Freiburg, Germany
|| Cardialysis, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
¶ Cordis Clinical Research, Waterloo, Belgium
# Cordis Clinical Research, Warren, New Jersey
** Harvard Clinical Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
Instituto Dante Pazzanese, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Manuscript received April 5, 2007;
revised manuscript received June 11, 2007,
accepted June 18, 2007.
* Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Marie-Claude Morice, Institut Hospitalier Jacques Cartier, Avenue du Noyer Lambert, 91300 Massy, France. (Email: mc.morice{at}icps.com.fr).
 |
Abstract
|
|---|
Objectives: This study examined the clinical outcomes at 5 years in RAVEL (A Randomized Comparison of a Sirolimus-Eluting Stent With a Standard Stent for Coronary Revascularization), the first controlled trial of drug-eluting stents.
Background: The 6-month rate of angiographic coronary restenosis has been markedly lowered by sirolimus-eluting stents (SES). The long-term performance of drug-eluting stents, however, is under close scrutiny.
Methods: The trial included 238 patients (mean age 60.7 ± 10.4 years, 76% men) with a single, de novo native coronary artery lesion, randomly assigned to treatment with SES versus bare-metal stents (BMS). Rates of major adverse cardiac events (MACE), defined as all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, and percutaneous or surgical revascularization up to 5 years of follow-up, and rates of stent thrombosis were compared between the 2 treatment groups.
Results: Complete datasets were available in 92.5% of patients treated with SES and 89.1% of patients assigned to BMS. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year rates of survival free from target lesion revascularization (TLR) were, respectively, 99.2%, 93.8%, and 89.7% in the SES group versus 75.9%, 75.0%, and 74.0% in the control group (p < 0.001; log-rank). Rates of all MACE at 5 years were 25.8% in patients treated with SES versus 35.2% in patients assigned to BMS (p = 0.03; log-rank). Rates of stent thrombosis, per protocol or by the Academic Research Consortium definitions, were similar in both groups.
Conclusions: The 5-year rate of TLR associated with SES was significantly lower than that with BMS. There was no apparent adverse effect associated with the use of SES, although the trial was not powered to examine uncommon complications.
|
Abbreviations and Acronyms
| | ARC = Academic Research Consortium | | BMS = bare-metal stent(s) | | MACE = major adverse cardiac events | | MI = myocardial infarction | | QCA = quantitative coronary angiography | | SES = sirolimus-eluting stent(s) | | TLR = target lesion revascularization | | TVR = target vessel revascularization |
|
The RAVEL (A Randomized Comparison of a Sirolimus-Eluting Stent With a Standard Stent for Coronary Revascularization) study was the first of several randomized clinical trials that demonstrated the superior efficacy of coronary sirolimus-eluting stents (SES) in the prevention of neointimal proliferation and restenosis (1–4). The number of patients enrolled in the trial was calculated in order to compare the efficacy of SES versus that of conventional bare-metal stents (BMS) on angiographic end points, with a primary trial end point of in-stent late loss at 6 months of follow-up. This pioneering study was also initially planned for a clinical follow-up limited to 1 year. However, it was subsequently extended to 5 years. The 6-month angiographic and 3-year clinical results (1,5) and a detailed intravascular ultrasound-based study in a subset of 95 patients (6) have been published. This report describes the final clinical outcomes observed in RAVEL, up to 5 years of follow-up.
|
Methods
|
|---|
Patient selection.
The design and detailed methods of this randomized, double-blind clinical trial have been reported (1,5). In brief, the 238 patients randomly assigned to SES versus BMS had stable or unstable angina pectoris, or silent ischemia due to a single, 51% to 99% diameter stenosis de novo coronary lesion, which could be treated with a single 18-mm stent, in a vessel between 2.5 and 3.5 mm in diameter. Major exclusion criteria included evolving myocardial infarction (MI), a  50% stenosis in an unprotected left main coronary artery, an ostial target lesion, a calcified lesion that could not be successfully predilated with an angioplasty balloon, or an angiographically visible thrombus within the target lesion, a left ventricular ejection fraction  30%, a serum creatinine concentration >3.0 mg/dl, and any contraindication to coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Direct stenting was not allowed. The study was reviewed and approved by each participating institution’s ethical review committee, and all patients provided written informed consent before enrollment.
Study procedures.
After successful predilatation of the target lesion, patients were randomly assigned 1:1 in a double-blind fashion to a BMS, versus an SES. Direct stenting was not allowed. Postdilatation was performed as necessary. Procedural success was defined as attainment of a <30% vessel diameter stenosis and freedom from in-hospital major adverse cardiac events (MACE) after implantation of the assigned study device. Postprocedural dual antiplatelet therapy consisted of aspirin 325 mg daily, indefinitely, and either clopidogrel 75 mg daily or ticlopidine 250 mg twice daily, for 8 weeks.
Patient follow-up.
Patients returned for yearly follow-up evaluations to monitor the possible interim development of angina or MACE. Follow-up angiography with quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) was systematically performed at 180 ± 30 days as described previously (1). The decision to perform further target lesion revascularization (TLR) target or vessel revascularization (TVR) after the 6-month angiographic follow-up was left to the investigator’s discretion, by protocol design.
Study end points and definitions.
The main study objective was to assess the effectiveness of the CYPHER (Cordis Corp., Johnson & Johnson, Miami Lakes, Florida) SES in reducing angiographic in-stent late loss in de novo native coronary lesions as compared with the Bx VELOCITY (Cordis Corp.) balloon-expandable BMS of identical design and appearance. The primary end point of the study was angiographic, in-stent late loss at 6 months of follow-up, measured by QCA. Secondary end points of the trial included: 1) postprocedural, in-stent mean percent diameter stenosis measured by QCA; 2) in-target vessel segment and in-stent minimum luminal diameter at 6 months; 3) MACE; and 4) TVR, up to 5 years of follow-up. Major adverse cardiac events were a composite end point including: 1) death from all causes; 2) Q-wave or non–Q-wave MI; and 3) surgical or percutaneous TLR.
Stent thrombosis.
Per-Protocol Definitions
In March 2000, when the study protocol was developed, stent thrombosis was prospectively defined as a composite 30-day end point including death, Q-wave MI, and abrupt vessel closure requiring revascularization. It was defined as acute when occurring within the first 24 h after stent implantation, and subacute when occurring between 24 h and 30 days after the index procedure. In 2002, when its importance had become apparent, late stent thrombosis was defined post hoc by the clinical events committee, with the endorsement of the steering committee, as all target-vessel-related MI with angiographic evidence of vessel occlusion occurring past 30 days after the index procedure, in absence of interim TLR.
Academic Research Consortium (ARC) Definitions
In 2006, the ARC redefined the criteria for stent thrombosis applicable to clinical trials (7). The ARC definitions consider the timing and probability of occurrence of stent thrombosis. With respect to timing, stent thrombosis is defined as acute if it occurred between 0 and 24 h, subacute between 25 h and 30 days, late between 31 days and 1 year, and very late beyond 1 year after stent implantation. With respect to probability, stent thrombosis is defined as definite, probable, or possible.
Definite stent thrombosis is considered to have occurred on the basis of either angiographic or pathological evidence.
Angiographic Confirmation of Stent Thrombosis
Stent thrombosis has been confirmed angiographically if: Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction flow is: a) grade 0 with occlusion originating in the stent or in the segment, 5 mm proximal or distal to the stent, in presence of a thrombus, or b) grade 1, 2, or 3 originating in the stent or in the segment, 5 mm proximal or distal to the stent, in presence of a thrombus, and at least 1 of the following criteria has been fulfilled within a 48-h time window: a) acute onset of typical chest pain at rest, lasting >20 min, b) new electrocardiographic changes consistent with acute myocardial ischemia, and c) typical rise and fall in cardiac biomarkers. The incidental angiographic documentation of stent occlusion in the absence of clinical signs or symptoms (silent occlusion) is not considered a confirmed stent thrombosis.
Pathological Confirmation of Stent Thrombosis
Stent thrombosis is confirmed when there is presence of recent thrombus within the stent, found at autopsy or by examination of tissue retrieved at the time of thrombectomy.
Probable stent thrombosis is considered to have occurred in case of: 1) unexplained death within the first 30 days after stent implantation; or 2) MI in the territory of the implanted stent, in absence of another obvious cause, without angiographic confirmation of stent thrombosis and regardless of its timing after the index procedure.
Possible stent thrombosis is considered to have occurred as a cause of any unexplained death past 30 days after intracoronary stenting, until the end of trial follow-up.
Unlike the RAVEL protocol definition, ARC includes events consistent with stent thrombosis that occur after repeat TLR.
Data management and study oversight.
The angiographic and clinical data were collected by monitors independent of the sponsor and were transferred to Cardialysis (Rotterdam, the Netherlands), an independent contract research organization. Cardialysis managed and analyzed the data, and performed the angiographic core laboratory analyses.
During the course of the study, end points were adjudicated by an independent clinical events committee, managed by Cardialysis. In addition, a data safety monitoring board not affiliated with the study sponsor reviewed the data and identified potential safety issues related to the conduct of the study. Finally, in September 2006, after the ARC definitions of stent thrombosis had been formulated, adverse clinical events were readjudicated retrospectively by the Harvard Clinical Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, from the database transferred by Cardialysis.
Statistical analyses.
For the primary (angiographic) end point, it was estimated that a sample size of 95 in each group had an 87% power to detect a difference in means of 0.25 mm (the difference between a BMS late loss mean of 0.80 mm and a SES late loss mean of 0.55 mm) assuming that the common standard deviation is 0.55, using a 2-group t test with a 0.05 1-sided significance level. The sample size was increased to 110 in each group to account for noncompliance to the 6-month angiographic follow-up.
All analyses were based on the intention-to-treat principle. The rates of end points were estimated with the use of the Kaplan-Meier method, and the differences between groups were estimated with the use of the log-rank test. Event-free survival from MACE, TLR, and the composite of death and MI occurring during the 5-year follow-up were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Differences between the event-free survival curves for the 2 groups were compared with the use of the log-rank test. A 2-sided p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS statistical software (SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina).
|
Results
|
|---|
The baseline clinical characteristics of the RAVEL trial population have been described in detail previously (1,5). Except for a significantly higher percentage of men in the group treated with BMS, the 2 study groups were similar with respect to all demographic and disease-related characteristics examined. The flow of patients through the trial is shown in Figure 1. At 5 years, 14 patients had died and 4 patients were lost to follow-up in the SES-treated group, and 8 patients had died and 9 were lost to follow-up in the BMS-treated group. Among 106 SES and 110 BMS recipients who were not confirmed to have died, complete datasets were available at 1,825 days in 98 patients treated with SES (92.5%) and 98 patients assigned to BMS (89.1%). The cumulative numbers and percentages of patients who experienced MACE or underwent TVR through the 5-year follow-up are listed in hierarchical and nonhierarchical orders in Table 1. A significant difference (p = 0.03) persisted in rate of MACE in favor of the SES-treated group, mostly attributable to a lower number of repeat TLR. The 5-year actuarial survival rates for freedom from death and MI (Fig. 2) in patients assigned to SES versus patients assigned to BMS were similar. In contrast, significant differences were observed in the MACE- (Fig. 3) and TLR-free (Fig. 4) survivals. Specifically, the 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates free from TLR were, respectively, 99.2%, 93.8%, and 89.7% in the SES group versus 75.9%, 75.0%, and 74.0% in the BMS group (p < 0.001; log-rank).
View larger version (12K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
[Download PPT slide]
|
Figure 2 Survival Free From Death or MI
The sirolimus-eluting stent group is represented by a red line and the control group by a blue line. Error bars indicate ± 1.5 standard error. MI = myocardial infarction.
|
|
View larger version (13K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
[Download PPT slide]
|
Figure 3 Survival Free From MACE
The sirolimus-eluting stent group is represented by a red line and the control group by a blue line. Error bars indicate ± 1.5 standard error. MACE = major adverse cardiac events.
|
|
View larger version (11K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
[Download PPT slide]
|
Figure 4 Survival Free From TLR
The sirolimus-eluting stent group is represented by a red line and the control group by a blue line. Error bars indicate ± 1.5 standard error. TLR = target lesion revascularization.
|
|
Stent thrombosis.
According to the per-protocol definitions, 1 late thrombosis occurred at 1,217 days in a SES recipient (Table 2). After readjudication of the events according to the ARC definitions, a single definite, very late stent thrombosis (0.8%) was observed in each study group, 2 versus 3 definite or probable thromboses were observed in the SES versus BMS groups, respectively, and a total of 4 thromboses of any kind (3.3%) was observed in the SES-treated group, versus 8 thromboses of any kind (6.8%) in the BMS-treated-group, a nonsignificant difference (Table 2).
Deaths during follow-up.
The RAVEL trial protocol did not distinguish between cardiac and noncardiac deaths. At the end of 5 years, 14 patients assigned to SES (12.1%) versus 8 patients (7.1%) in the control group had died (p = 0.20). The ages and diagnoses at the time of death for the 14 patients who died in the group assigned to SES and the 8 patients assigned to BMS are listed in Table 3.
|
Discussion
|
|---|
Main study findings.
The main impetus for pursuing a 5-year follow-up in this trial was the importance of confirming a durable antirestenotic effect of SES. When RAVEL was designed, observations in animal models suggested that, instead of being effectively suppressed, restenosis might merely have been delayed by sirolimus elution (8). The observation, in this double-blind, randomized trial, of a statistically significant difference in rates of MACE between SES and BMS, mostly attributable to a lower TLR rate, persisting up to 5 years, confirms the absence of a "catch-up" effect and the durability of the treatment effect observed in the "First-in-Man" study by Sousa et al. (9). Likewise, a significant difference in MACE rate persisted at 5 years between the 2 small study groups, mostly attributable to the higher TLR rate among the BMS than the SES recipients.
Since the introduction of SES in clinical practice, other drug-eluting coronary stents have been developed and found to have antirestenotic effects (10–13). The RAVEL study, however, has been the longest ongoing controlled clinical trial. Although it was not designed originally to examine long-term clinical outcomes, its 5-year results do not suggest that the beneficial antirestenotic effects of SES were negated by short- or long-term adverse clinical events. In particular, the difference between the study groups in rates of death and MI, up to 5 years, was not significant.
In recent months, authors of meta-analyses or clinical studies have suggested that important safety concerns might be associated with drug-eluting stents, an excess of death, and stent thrombosis in particular. As a result, a team of experts as well as scientific societies have more accurately and comprehensively redefined stent thrombosis (ARC definitions). Therefore, this report presents the stent thrombosis rates calculated according to the per-protocol as well as the ARC definitions. It is noteworthy that, as defined by the protocol and up to 5 years of follow-up, a single stent thrombosis occurred in an SES recipient. Because it occurred past the 3-year follow-up, this event did not appear in prior publications of the RAVEL results. According to the ARC definitions, the stent thrombosis rate was low in both groups and not higher in the SES than in the BMS group, by any definition. This observation is particularly important since the 2-month course of antiplatelet therapy was the shortest administered among all trials of drug-eluting stents. These reassuring results must, however, be interpreted with caution because: 1) the study was not designed or powered to compare rates of infrequent adverse clinical events; and 2) the lesions treated in this study were generally low risk.
Study limitations.
The main limitation of this analysis out to 5 years is the sample size and small number of events, such that it was not powered to detect statistically significant between-group differences in rates of rare adverse clinical events, such as death, MI, or stent thrombosis.
|
Conclusions
|
|---|
This trial demonstrates that the initial clinical benefit conferred by SES is sustained at 5 years, as shown by a significantly lower rate of TLR. Although there was no apparent adverse effect associated with the use of SES, this safety issue needs to be further evaluated in larger randomized trials and meta-analyses with a larger number of clinical events.
|
Appendix
|
|---|
For a list of the trial organization, co-investigators, and participating institutions, please see the online version of this article.
|
Acknowledgments
|
|---|
The authors thank Macha Delattre, PhD, for her relentless efforts in the initial preparation and organization of the trial. Benny Desmedt, Kristel Wittebols, MSc, and Christof Debèfve, MSc (all Cordis Clinical Research), as well as Janette Symons and Marco Bressers, MSc (Cardialysis), are also acknowledged for major contributions in the data collection and oversight of the trial. The authors are grateful to Rodolphe Ruffy, MD, for his superior assistance in the preparation of the manuscript.
|
Footnotes
|
|---|
This study was sponsored by Cordis Corporation (a Johnson & Johnson Company), Clinical Research Europe, Belgium, and Warren, New Jersey.
|
References
|
|---|
1. Morice M-C, Serruys PW, Sousa JE, et al. RAVEL Study Group Randomized Study with the Sirolimus-Coated Bx Velocity Balloon-Expandable Stent in the Treatment of Patients with de Novo Native Coronary Artery LesionsA randomized comparison of a sirolimus-eluting stent with a standard stent for coronary revascularization. N Engl J Med 2002;346:1773-1780.[Abstract/Free Full Text]2. Moses JW, Leon MB, Popma JJ, et al. SIRIUS Investigators Sirolimus-eluting stents versus standard stents in patients with stenosis in a native coronary artery N Engl J Med 2003;349:1315-1323.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 3. Schofer J, Schluter M, Gershlick AH, et al. E-SIRIUS Investigators Sirolimus-eluting stents for treatment of patients with long atherosclerotic lesions in small coronary arteries: double-blind, randomised controlled trial (E-SIRIUS) Lancet 2003;362:1093-1109.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] 4. Schampaert E, Cohen EA, Schluter M, et al. C-SIRIUS Investigators The Canadian study of the sirolimus-eluting stent in the treatment of patients with long de novo lesions in small native coronary arteries (C-SIRIUS) J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:1110-1115.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 5. Fajadet J, Morice MC, Bode C, et al. Maintenance of long-term clinical benefit with sirolimus-eluting coronary stentsThree-year results of the RAVEL trial. Circulation 2005;111:1040-1044.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 6. Serruys PW, Degertekin M, Tanabe K, et al. RAVEL Study Group Intravascular ultrasound findings in the multicenter, randomized, double-blind RAVEL (RAndomized study with the sirolimus-eluting VElocity balloon-expandable stent in the treatment of patients with de novo native coronary artery Lesions) trial Circulation 2002;106:798-803.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 7. Cutlip DE, Windecker S, Mehran R, et al. Consortium ObotAR Clinical endpoints in coronary stent trials—a case for standardized definitions Circulation 2007;115:2344-2351.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 8. Carter AJ, Aggarwal M, Kopia GA, et al. Long-term effects of polymer-based, slow-release, sirolimus-eluting stents in a porcine coronary model Cardiovasc Res 2004;63:617-624.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 9. Sousa JE, Costa MA, Abizaid A, et al. Lack of neointimal proliferation after implantation of sirolimus-coated stents in human coronary arteries: a quantitative coronary angiography and three-dimensional intravascular ultrasound study Circulation 2001;103:192-195.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 10. Colombo A, Drzewiecki J, Banning A, et al. TAXUS II Study Group Randomized study to assess the effectiveness of slow- and moderate-release polymer-based paclitaxel-eluting stents for coronary artery lesions Circulation 2003;108:788-794.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 11. Stone GW, Ellis SG, Cox DA, et al. TAXUS-IV Investigators One-year clinical results with the slow-release, polymer-based, paclitaxel-eluting TAXUS stent: the TAXUS-IV trial Circulation 2004;109:1942-1947.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 12. Fajadet J, Wijns W, Laarman GJ, et al. ENDEAVOR II Investigators Randomized, double-blind, multicenter study of the Endeavor zotarolimus-eluting phosphorylcholine-encapsulated stent for treatment of native coronary artery lesions: clinical and angiographic results of the ENDEAVOR II trial Circulation 2006;114:798-806.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 13. Beijk MA, Piek JJ. XIENCE V everolimus-eluting coronary stent system: a novel second generation drug-eluting stent Expert Rev Med Devices 2007;4:11-21.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
|
|
 
P. Hoppmann, A. Erl, S. Turk, K. Tiroch, J. Mehilli, A. Schomig, A. Kastrati, and W. Koch
No Association of Chromosome 9p21.3 Variation With Clinical and Angiographic Outcomes After Placement of Drug-Eluting Stents
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Intv.,
November 1, 2009;
2(11):
1149 - 1155.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Herdeg, K. Gohring-Frischholz, K. K. Haase, T. Geisler, C. Zurn, U. Hartmann, J. Wohrle, T. Nusser, J. Dippon, A. E. May, et al.
Catheter-Based Delivery of Fluid Paclitaxel for Prevention of Restenosis in Native Coronary Artery Lesions After Stent Implantation
Circ Cardiovasc Interv,
August 1, 2009;
2(4):
294 - 301.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Chacko, M. Mulhearn, V. Novack, L. Novack, L. Mauri, S. A. Cohen, J. Moses, M. B. Leon, and D. E. Cutlip
Impact of Target Lesion and Nontarget Lesion Cardiac Events on 5-Year Clinical Outcomes After Sirolimus-Eluting or Bare-Metal Stenting
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Intv.,
June 1, 2009;
2(6):
498 - 503.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. C. H. Yu, T. W. H. Leung, J. S. Y. Lam, W. W. M. Lam, and L. K. S. Wong
Symptomatic Ostial Vertebral Artery Stenosis: Treatment with Drug-eluting Stents--Clinical and Angiographic Results at 1-year Follow-up
Radiology,
April 1, 2009;
251(1):
224 - 232.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Authors/writing members:, J. Daemen, M. L. Simoons, W. Wijns, A. Bagust, G. Bos, J. M. Bowen, E. Braunwald, E. Camenzind, B. Chevalier, et al.
Meeting Report: ESC Forum on Drug Eluting Stents European Heart House, Nice, 27-28 September 2007
Eur. Heart J.,
January 2, 2009;
30(2):
152 - 161.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. G. Byrne, M. Leacche, D. E. Vaughan, and D. X. Zhao
Hybrid Cardiovascular Procedures
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Intv.,
October 1, 2008;
1(5):
459 - 468.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Nishigaki, T. Yamazaki, A. Kitabatake, T. Yamaguchi, K. Kanmatsuse, I. Kodama, N. Takekoshi, H. Tomoike, M. Hori, M. Matsuzaki, et al.
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Plus Medical Therapy Reduces the Incidence of Acute Coronary Syndrome More Effectively Than Initial Medical Therapy Only Among Patients With Low-Risk Coronary Artery Disease: A Randomized, Comparative, Multicenter Study
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Intv.,
October 1, 2008;
1(5):
469 - 479.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-J. Goy, U. Kaufmann, M. Hurni, S. Cook, F. Versaci, P. Ruchat, O. Bertel, M. Pieper, B. Meier, L. Chiarello, et al.
10-Year Follow-Up of a Prospective Randomized Trial Comparing Bare-Metal Stenting With Internal Mammary Artery Grafting for Proximal, Isolated De Novo Left Anterior Coronary Artery Stenosis: The SIMA (Stenting versus Internal Mammary Artery grafting) Trial
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
September 2, 2008;
52(10):
815 - 817.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Hamdalla and D. J. Moliterno
Late drug-eluting stent thrombosis in unprotected left main coronary artery lesions--sometimes possible, but rarely definite or probable
Eur. Heart J.,
September 1, 2008;
29(17):
2064 - 2066.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. V. Anderson
Drug-Eluting Stents: Life Insurance With a Better Death Benefit
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
May 27, 2008;
51(21):
2025 - 2027.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. N. DeMaria, J. J. Bax, O. Ben-Yehuda, P. Clopton, G. K. Feld, G. S. Ginsburg, B. H. Greenberg, J. D. Knoke, W. Y.W. Lew, J. A.C. Lima, et al.
Highlights of the year in JACC 2007.
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
January 29, 2008;
51(4):
490 - 512.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
Top
Abstract
Methods