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Figure 6 Role of Low ESS in Atherosclerosis
In arterial regions with disturbed laminar flow, low endothelial shear stress (ESS) shifts the endothelial function and structure toward an atherosclerotic phenotype, thereby promoting atherogenesis, atherosclerotic plaque formation and progression, and vascular remodeling. BMP = bone morphogenic protein; ET = endothelin; ICAM = intercellular adhesion molecule; IFN = interferon; IL = interleukin; LDL = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MCP = monocyte chemoattractant protein; MMP = matrix metalloproteinase; NO = nitric oxide; PDGF = platelet-derived growth factor; SREBP = sterol regulatory elements binding protein; TF = transcription factor; TGF = transforming growth factor; TNF = tumor necrosis factor; t-PA = tissue plasminogen activator; VCAM = vascular cell adhesion molecule; VEGF = vascular endothelial growth factor; VSMC = vascular smooth muscle cell; other abbreviations as in Figure 4.
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