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Figure 1 Outline of methionine/homocysteine metabolism, causes of hyperhomocysteinemia, and therapeutic options for lowering homocysteine. Vitamin coenzymes and substrates: THF, tetrahydrofolate; B2, riboflavin; B6, vitamin B6 as its biologically active form, i.e., pyridoxal 5'-phosphate; and B12, methyl cobalamin. Intermediate metabolite: DMG, dimethylglycine. Adapted, with permission, from Malinow et al. (48).
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