EXPEDITED REVIEW
Antianginal Efficacy of Ranolazine When Added to Treatment With Amlodipine
The ERICA (Efficacy of Ranolazine in Chronic Angina) Trial
Peter H. Stone, MD, FACC*,*,
Nikolay A. Gratsiansky, MD ,
Alexey Blokhin, MD ,
I-Zu Huang, MD ,
Lixin Meng, MS, MPH for the ERICA Investigators
* Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
Center for Atherosclerosis, Institute of Physicochemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
Outpatient Clinic of Medical Center of Russian Federation President’s Management Department, Moscow, Russia
CV Therapeutics, Palo Alto, California
Manuscript received April 1, 2006;
revised manuscript received May 18, 2006,
accepted May 22, 2006.
* Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Peter H. Stone, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115. (Email: pstone{at}partners.org).
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Abstract
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OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine if ranolazine improves angina in stable coronary patients with persisting symptoms despite maximum recommended dose of amlodipine.
BACKGROUND: Ranolazine is a unique antianginal agent that has been effective in stable angina, but it has not been studied in the setting of maximum recommended doses of conventional antianginal agents.
METHODS: Stable patients with coronary disease and  3 anginal attacks per week despite maximum recommended dosage of amlodipine (10 mg/day) were randomized to 1,000 mg ranolazine or placebo twice a day for 6 weeks. Primary end point was the frequency of angina episodes per week during the double-blind treatment phase. Efficacy was also assessed by nitroglycerin consumption per week and the Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ). Adjustment for multiple testing of secondary end points used a hierarchic closed testing procedure. Efficacy was assessed in subgroups based on baseline angina frequency, concomitant long-acting nitrate use, gender, and age. Safety was assessed by adverse events and electrocardiogram evaluations.
RESULTS: A total of 565 patients were randomized: 281 patients to ranolazine and 284 patients to placebo. Baseline characteristics were similar between treatment groups. At baseline, angina frequency averaged 5.63 ± 0.18 episodes/week, and nitroglycerin consumption averaged 4.72 ± 0.21 tablets/week. Compared with placebo, ranolazine significantly reduced frequency of angina episodes (2.88 ± 0.19 on ranolazine vs. 3.31 ± 0.22 on placebo; p = 0.028) and nitroglycerin consumption (2.03 ± 0.20 on ranolazine vs. 2.68 ± 0.22; p = 0.014), with treatment effect that appeared consistent across subgroups. The median angina weekly episode rate at baseline was 4.5 per week. Subgroup analysis showed statistically significant reductions of angina frequency, nitroglycerin use, and SAQ angina frequency for patients with a baseline frequency >4.5 per week but only of angina frequency for those with baseline frequency  4.5 per week. Patients with more frequent angina appeared to have a more pronounced treatment effect. No hemodynamic changes were observed. Ranolazine was well tolerated.
CONCLUSIONS: Ranolazine significantly reduced frequency of angina and nitroglycerin consumption compared with placebo and was well tolerated. (The ERICA [Efficacy of Ranolazine In Chronic Angina] Trial; http://clinicaltrials.gov; NCT00091429
[ClinicalTrials.gov]
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Abbreviations and Acronyms
| | ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme | | AE = adverse event | | CAD = coronary artery disease | | ERICA = Efficacy of Ranolazine In Chronic Angina trial | | LAN = long-acting nitrate | | SAQ = Seattle Angina Questionnaire |
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Angina affects approximately 6.4 million Americans with stable coronary disease (CAD) (1). Currently available antianginal agents in the U.S. include beta-blockers, calcium-channel blockers, and long-acting nitrates (LANs) (2,3). Despite treatment with conventional agents and/or revascularization, many patients remain symptomatic. One year after coronary artery bypass grafting or percutaneous coronary intervention, 25% to 60% of patients continue to have angina and require antianginal medication (4,5). Conventional pharmacologic therapies exert an anti-ischemic effect by lowering determinants of myocardial O2 demand (heart rate, myocardial contractility, or wall stress). Although combination regimens of conventional antianginal therapies may provide incremental efficacy (6–9), such combination regimens may lead to excessive side effects (10–12) or to a decrease in anti-ischemic efficacy (13).
Availability of a new agent that could be used in concert with other antianginal therapies without causing excessive reductions in myocardial O2 demand determinants would be of enormous value. Ranolazine is a new antianginal agent with a novel mechanism of action that involves selective inhibition of the late sodium current. This action reduces the magnitude of ischemia-induced sodium and calcium overload and thereby improves myocardial function as well as myocardial perfusion (14–16).
In stable CAD patients, ranolazine has demonstrated anti-ischemic efficacy alone (17–19) and as part of a combination regimen with submaximal doses of other antianginal agents (20) without significantly affecting heart rate or wall stress (17–21). However, ranolazine has not been studied in a combination regimen with a maximum recommended dosage of a conventional antianginal agent. The goal of the ERICA (Efficacy of Ranolazine In Chronic Angina) trial was to determine if ranolazine could reduce angina in patients with persisting angina despite treatment with maximum recommended daily dosage of amlodipine (10 mg/day) over a 6-week period. Amlodipine was selected as the conventional antianginal agent to be studied at maximum recommended dosage (10 mg/day) in a combination regimen, because the maximum recommended dosages of other conventional agents, such as atenolol (200 mg/day), diltiazem (540 mg/day), or verapamil (480 mg/day), were less feasible for routine use.
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Methods
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Patients.
Inclusion criteria
Entry criteria included age 18 years, documented history of CAD (angiographic evidence of 60% stenosis of at least 1 major coronary artery, history of previous myocardial infarction, and/or a stress-induced reversible perfusion defect identified by radionuclide or echocardiographic imaging), chronic stable angina 3 months, and 3 episodes of angina per week during a 2-week qualification period despite treatment with 10 mg/day amlodipine. Patients were required to have begun 10 mg/day amlodipine at least 2 weeks before entering the 2-week qualification period. All other antianginal medications were proscribed except LANs and sublingual nitroglycerin as required. Long-acting nitrates were permitted if they had been taken at a constant dosage for 2 weeks before study entry.
Exclusion criteria
Patients were excluded if they had New York Heart Association functional class IV congestive heart failure, a history of myocardial infarction or unstable angina within the previous 2 months, active acute myocarditis, pericarditis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or uncontrolled hypertension. Patients with a history of torsades de pointes, those receiving agents known to prolong the QTc interval, or who had a QTc interval measurement >500 ms at study entry were excluded. In addition, patients could not be receiving inhibitors of cytochrome P450-3A4, or have clinically significant hepatic disease, creatinine clearance <30 ml/min, or chronic illness likely to interfere with protocol compliance. Patients taking any digitalis preparation, perhexiline, trimetazidine, beta-blockers, or calcium-channel blockers other than amlodipine were excluded. Patients treated with proscribed antianginal medications had to be withdrawn from these agents for 4 weeks before initiation of the study drug. Patients could not have participated in another investigative trial within 30 days before study start.
The study was approved by the institutional review board at each hospital, and each patient provided written informed consent.
Study design.
The study design is illustrated in Figure 1. Following qualification, patients were randomized to receive either ranolazine or placebo in a 1:1 ratio. Randomization was centralized and not stratified by center. Patients were evaluated at 2 and 6 weeks after initiation of full-dose study drug to assess efficacy and the presence of adverse events (AEs). There were 48 clinical sites (45 in eastern Europe, 2 in the U.S., and 1 in Canada) that enrolled patients from July 30, 2004, through February 16, 2005.
Extended-release ranolazine (CV Therapeutics, Palo Alto, California) was supplied as 500 mg tablets and was administered double-blind initially at 500 mg twice a day during the 1-week run-in phase, and then at 1,000 mg twice a day for the full-dose treatment phase. Amlodipine (Pfizer, New York, New York) was supplied as 10 mg tablets and administered at the same time each day.
Efficacy assessments.
The primary efficacy variable was the weekly average frequency of self-reported angina episodes during the 6-week double-blind full-dose treatment phase. The study staff at each clinical site reviewed the angina and nitroglycerin use diaries with the patient at each study visit to ensure accuracy. The secondary efficacy variables were average weekly nitroglycerin consumption rate during the 6-week double-blind full-dose treatment phase and the change from baseline of the 5 dimensions of the Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ). Each SAQ dimension (anginal frequency, physical limitation, anginal stability, disease perception, and treatment satisfaction) was scored on a scale of 0 to 100. Efficacy analyses were conducted in subgroups, including analyses according to angina severity, concomitant LAN users, gender, and age.
Treatment compliance was monitored through patient-recorded anginal diary data and number of tablets dispensed and returned.
Safety and tolerability assessments.
Safety and tolerability were assessed by evaluating reported AEs, hemodynamics, routine clinical laboratory measures, and 12-lead electrocardiograms.
Statistical analyses.
Efficacy data were analyzed using the full analysis set, which included all patients who received at least 1 dose of study medication during the 6-week treatment phase and had any angina diary data during this period.
The average weekly rates of angina attacks and nitroglycerin consumption over the 6-week treatment phase were analyzed using the Cochran-Mantel-Haenzsel mean scores test, summarizing over strata determined by investigational sites pooled within geographic regions (1: North America; 2: Bulgaria/Romania; 3: Georgia; 4: Moscow, Russia; 5: St. Petersburg, Russia; and 6: other cities in Russia), and using scores proportional to the sample ranks to reduce the influence of outlying data. Several data points were identified as extreme outliers (ranging from 47 to 160 angina attacks per week) before unblinding. In addition to the mean, median, 25th percentile, and 75th percentile rates were summarized as trimmed means (22), averaging all observations except for the top 2% and the bottom 2% to reduce the influence of these outliers.
Primary and secondary efficacy assessment analyses were conducted in a hierarchic manner; each hypothesis was formally tested only if the preceding test was significant at p < 0.05. The order of testing for the secondary efficacy variables was average weekly rate of nitroglycerin use followed by dimensions of the SAQ in order from 1 through 5. Subgroup analyses were performed according to baseline symptom frequency, concomitant LAN use, age, and gender. Between-group comparison for each dimension of the SAQ was conducted using an analysis of covariance model with effects for treatment, pooled center, and baseline score.
Comparisons of vital signs between treatment groups were conducted at each visit using analysis of variance with effects for treatment and pooled center. Supine and standing vital sign measurements were summarized descriptively within treatment groups. The incidence of AEs and reason for early withdrawal were summarized by treatment group.
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Results
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The disposition of patients throughout the trial is illustrated in Figure 2. Among the 565 patients randomized, 1 withdrew during the day on which she was randomized and never received double-blind study drug. Among the 564 who began treatment on ranolazine or placebo in the initial phase of the study (1 week on double-blind 500 mg ranolazine or placebo), 3 placebo patients were excluded from the full analysis set because they did not receive any dose in the 6-week double-blind treatment phase and also had no diary data during this phase; 4 ranolazine patients were similarly excluded from the full analysis set, none of the 4 having any diary data in the 6-week double-blind treatment phase and 1 of the 4 also not having received a dose during this phase.
Patient demographics and baseline characteristics including medical history are presented in Table 1. Concomitant medications are listed in Table 2. The baseline characteristics and concomitant medication use appeared similar between treatment groups.
Primary efficacy results.
The average weekly rate of angina attacks in ranolazine- versus placebo-treated patients during the 6-week double-blind treatment phase is shown in Table 3 and Figure 3A. Patients receiving ranolazine had a significantly lower weekly rate of angina episodes compared with patients receiving placebo (trimmed mean 2.88 ± 0.19 vs. 3.31 ± 0.22, respectively; p = 0.028). As shown in Table 3, the conventional means were strongly influenced by the few outliers in the data and may not be representative of the true treatment effect. The difference in angina frequency between the 75th percentiles was larger than the difference between the 25th percentiles, which suggests that the magnitude of the treatment effect was higher among the more symptomatic patients.
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Figure 3 Number of weekly angina attacks (A) and number of weekly nitroglycerin uses (B), excluding patients with weekly angina rate in the top 2% and bottom 2% of each treatment group (trimmed mean). SE = standard error of the trimmed mean.
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Secondary efficacy results.
As shown in Table 3 and Figure 3B, the average weekly rate of nitroglycerin consumption was significantly lower in patients receiving ranolazine versus those receiving placebo during the 6-week double-blind treatment phase (p = 0.014). The nonsignificant (p = 0.18) differences in baseline nitroglycerin consumption between treatment groups were noted. A nonparametric analysis based on the technique described by Koch et al. (23) that adjusted for baseline values yielded a treatment effect p value of 0.033. This confirmed the result of the main analysis of nitroglycerin consumption, because the treatment effect was still significant when a baseline adjustment was made.
The scores on the angina frequency dimension of the SAQ (dimension 1) were significantly improved in patients receiving ranolazine treatment compared with those receiving placebo (22.5 ± 19.0 vs. 18.5 ± 18.8; p = 0.008). None of the other dimensions of the SAQ was significantly different between treatment groups.
Subgroup analyses results.
Baseline symptom severity
The median angina weekly episode rate at baseline was 4.5 per week. Subgroup analysis showed statistically significant reductions of angina frequency, nitroglycerin use, and SAQ angina frequency for patients with a baseline frequency >4.5 per week, but only of angina frequency for those with baseline frequency 4.5 per week (Fig. 4).
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Figure 4 Number of weekly angina attacks (A) and change from baseline in Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) angina frequency domain scores (B) for patients with baseline median angina attack rates of 4.5 and >4.5 per week within each treatment group (trimmed mean).
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LANs, gender, and age
These data include the first reported experience of ranolazine in combination with LANs. The LANs were used by 253 (45%) of the 564 patients assessed (123 patients in the placebo group and 130 patients in the ranolazine group). The mean daily dosage of LANs (isosorbide mononitrate) was 45.4 mg/day and was similar between groups.
The efficacy analyses by subgroup for the primary efficacy end point are shown in Table 4. The differences between treatment groups observed in the subgroups of concomitant LAN users, gender, and age were numerically similar for the population as a whole. The study was not powered for testing treatment effects within subgroups. Statistical testing for the presence of treatment by subgroup interaction using an analysis of variance of rank scores did not provide any evidence that the treatment effect differed between subgroups. However, the power of such interaction tests is low.
Effect on heart rate and blood pressure.
Vital signs remained relatively constant over the course of treatment in both treatment groups, and there were no significant differences between groups (Table 5). The impact of ranolazine treatment on postural changes (supine to standing) was not clinically significant and was similar to that of placebo.
Safety analyses.
There were no clinically significant laboratory or physical examination abnormalities. The AEs occurred in 35.3% of placebo- and 39.9% of ranolazine-treated patients, and most were mild to moderate in severity. Constipation was the most frequently reported AE (8.9% ranolazine patients vs. 1.8% placebo patients) followed by peripheral edema (5.7% ranolazine patients vs. 2.8% placebo patients), dizziness (3.9% ranolazine patients vs. 2.5% placebo patients), nausea (2.8% ranolazine patients vs. 0.7% placebo patients), and headache (2.8% ranolazine patients vs. 2.5% placebo patients).
Among ranolazine-treated patients, the overall incidence, type, and frequency of AEs between LAN versus non-LAN was similar. Overall, more women than men in both ranolazine and placebo groups reported an AE. Constipation was reported by more women (15.0%) than men (6.5%) in the ranolazine group. Peripheral edema was reported by more women than men in both ranolazine (7.5% vs. 5.0%) and placebo (5.2% vs. 1.9%) groups. As might be expected, AEs were more frequently reported by older patients (65 years) receiving ranolazine than by younger patients (<65 years), with constipation more prevalent among older patients.
Seven patients (3 ranolazine treated; 4 placebo treated) discontinued the study because of AEs. One patient from each treatment group died during the study. The ranolazine-treated patient died as a result of pneumonia and subsequent cardiopulmonary arrest 10 days after starting ranolazine treatment; however, this death was determined to be unrelated to the study medication. The placebo-treated patient died of an acute myocardial infarction 28 days after beginning the double-blind treatment phase. No cases of torsades de pointes were reported.
Cardiovascular events were collected only if they were reported as an AE. The incidence of cardiac AEs was 5.7% in ranolazine- versus 7.8% in placebo-treated patients. There were no reports of unstable angina or stroke in either treatment group. Myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure were each reported in 0.4% of ranolazine- versus 0.7% of placebo-treated patients. Other cardiovascular events that occurred with an incidence of 1% in either treatment group included: ventricular extrasystoles (1.1% of ranolazine vs. 1.1% of placebo patients), sinus bradycardia (0.7% of ranolazine vs. 1.1% of placebo patients), sinus tachycardia (0% of ranolazine vs. 1.4% of placebo patients), tachycardia (1.1% of ranolazine vs. 0.4% of placebo patients), and first-degree AV block (0% of ranolazine vs. 1.1% of placebo patients).
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Discussion
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Ranolazine has shown efficacy as an antianginal agent when used alone (17–19) and when used as part of a combination therapy regimen with conventional doses of other agents (20). The ERICA trial expands on the findings of previous studies (Table 6) by demonstrating that ranolazine provided additional antianginal benefit in patients who remained symptomatic despite treatment with a maximum recommended dosage of the calcium-channel blocker amlodipine. The present results are also the first to demonstrate incremental antianginal effects with ranolazine in patients treated with amlodipine in combination with LANs.
As monotherapy, ranolazine has been effective to reduce angina frequency and improve exercise performance in patients with stable CAD (17,18). In the Monotherapy Assessment of Ranolazine in Stable Angina (17) study, 191 patients with chronic stable angina demonstrated significant increases in exercise parameters with ranolazine 500 mg, 1,000 mg, or 1,500 mg twice a day compared with placebo, without clinically meaningful changes in heart rate or blood pressure. Ranolazine was as effective as 100 mg/day atenolol in reducing angina frequency and nitroglycerin consumption and improving exercise time to the onset of 1 mm ST-segment depression and was more effective than atenolol in prolonging the total exercise duration (18).
In combination with conventional daily doses of amlodipine (5 mg), atenolol (50 mg), or diltiazem (180 mg), the addition of ranolazine improved total exercise time, time to onset of angina, and time to onset of 1 mm ST-segment depression in patients with symptomatic chronic stable angina (20). Ranolazine also significantly reduced angina frequency by 1.2 episodes per week and nitroglycerin consumption by 1.3 uses per week (both p < 0.001 vs. placebo) (20).
The ERICA trial data reported here expands on findings from previous ranolazine trials by demonstrating that significant additional benefit was achieved with ranolazine in patients who remained symptomatic despite maximum recommended therapy with a calcium-channel blocker. Consistent with other ranolazine studies (17,19–21), the ERICA trial data demonstrates that the antianginal efficacy of ranolazine occurred without clinically significant effects on heart rate or blood pressure. There was consistency of treatment effect irrespective of gender, LAN use, or age. The efficacy of the drug may have been greater in patients who had more frequent episodes of angina, as suggested by the greater difference between groups in angina frequency and nitroglycerin use in the 75th versus 25th percentiles (Table 3) and the significant improvement compared with placebo in nitroglycerin use observed only in those patients with >4.5 angina attacks per week at baseline versus those with 4.5 attacks per week at baseline (Fig. 4A). The more symptomatic group also experienced a significant improvement from baseline in the SAQ angina frequency domain with ranolazine treatment compared with placebo, whereas ranolazine did not alter the change from baseline in SAQ score in the less symptomatic group (Fig. 4B). The greater antianginal efficacy in patients with more frequent angina, without a significant change in heart rate or blood pressure, may reflect the fact that these patients with more frequent angina may have more severe or prolonged ischemia-associated myocardial dysfunction and consequent hypoperfusion, a pathophysiologic state most likely to benefit from the unique mechanism of action of ranolazine.
An important potential value of the unique mechanism of action of ranolazine is that its inclusion in a combination regimen may be more effective than that of other conventional antianginal agents whose anti-ischemic efficacy is based on reduction in determinants of myocardial O2 demand. Addition of a second conventional antianginal agent to monotherapy with one of the other conventional antianginal agents does not always confer an improvement in efficacy (10,11), and combination regimens with these conventional agents may actually worsen efficacy (12,13). The use of multiple conventional agents must also be carefully monitored to avoid additive AEs (e.g., hypotension, bradycardia, atrioventricular nodal block) (24). Use of a new antianginal agent that uses a complementary mechanism of action to the existing antianginal therapies may provide enhanced benefit.
The magnitude of antianginal benefit observed in the ERICA trial is similar to that observed in other antianginal trials using conventional agents. In a study of patients with minimal or moderate anginal symptoms receiving a maximum recommended therapeutic dose of a beta-blocker (9), an additional reduction of 0.8 anginal episodes per week was observed when the beta-blocker was combined with a calcium-channel blocker titrated to its maximal tolerated dose. These data are comparable to the 0.4 episodes per week reduction we observed. The additional reduction in nitroglycerin use (0.7 uses per week) was also comparable to the reduction of 0.6 uses per week observed in our study. Of note, however, in contrast to the improved benefits from the combination of ranolazine and amlodipine without a change in heart rate or blood pressure, the benefits achieved by combining the beta-blocker and a calcium-channel blocker (9) were associated with significant undesirable changes in hemodynamics. Use of ranolazine may allow for more optimal anti-ischemic effect without excessive adverse effects on heart rate and blood pressure. In the Combination Assessment of Ranolazine in Stable Angina study (20), the reduction in angina and nitroglycerin use when ranolazine was added to a regimen of 5 mg/day amlodipine was greater than that observed in the ERICA trial, where the amlodipine dose was 10 mg/day. The patient populations were different in the 2 studies, but one cannot exclude that the higher dose of amlodipine in these refractory patients may have somewhat limited the potential antianginal efficacy of an additional agent such as ranolazine.
Adverse events reported with ranolazine in the ERICA trial were infrequent and mild and similar to what have been observed in other studies with ranolazine. The peripheral edema observed in both treatment groups was likely related to the use of 10 mg/day amlodipine, because such edema is reported in nearly 11% of patients taking this dose (25). Furthermore, amlodipine is associated with a greater incidence of peripheral edema in women than men (25), a finding confirmed in this study. Ranolazine was well tolerated in this trial; only 1% of patients withdrew because of a treatment-related AE.
Study limitations.
A limitation of this study is the use of amlodipine alone at the maximum recommended dose. Possible future studies may investigate the role of ranolazine when added to a more clinically relevant combination regimen such as maximally tolerated beta-blocker plus amlodipine.
The short-term nature of this study (6 weeks) does not necessarily extrapolate to long-term efficacy. The use of patient anginal diaries rather than ambulatory Holter monitors to detect episodes of ischemia adds a subjective component to the design; however, all patients had a documented history of CAD and angina although exercise testing was not conducted in this study. Because most of the patients were white and eastern European and not necessarily receiving optimal medical treatment for CAD (e.g., only 36% were being treated with statins, 10% had prior CABG, and 10% had prior PCI), careful interpretation of the data is warranted.
The lack of consistency in the magnitude of the responses to the SAQ concerning the benefit of ranolazine was likely due to comprehension issues, because the SAQ was not culturally and linguistically validated in the locations where the trial took place. It is also possible that the statistically significant differences in angina frequency and nitroglycerin use may not have been of sufficient importance to the patients to manifest as significant improvements in quality of life.
Per protocol, the patients in this study were not taking beta-blockers, and therefore our data may be especially applicable to the proportion of patients who cannot tolerate beta-blocker therapy (11% for metoprolol [26], 27% for atenolol [6]). A recent meta-analysis has shown that, overall, beta-blockers were equivalent to calcium-channel blockers in reducing angina symptoms and as well tolerated (27); therefore, additional studies are warranted to determine if the present results can be extrapolated to patients refractory to other traditional therapies, including those patients receiving maximally tolerated doses of beta-blockers.
Conclusions.
This study demonstrated that ranolazine was an effective antianginal agent in patients with stable CAD and persisting angina despite a maximum recommended dosage of 10 mg/day amlodipine. The addition of 1,000 mg ranolazine twice a day significantly reduced the frequency of angina episodes and rate of nitroglycerin consumption and had a consistent treatment effect across subgroups including gender, age, and LAN use. Ranolazine was well tolerated; most AEs were mild to moderate, and antianginal efficacy was unrelated to changes in blood pressure or heart rate. Ranolazine is a promising anti-ischemic therapy that may be valuable in a wide variety of subsets of patients with CAD who remain symptomatic despite treatment with other anti-ischemic agents.
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Appendix
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For a list of the ERICA trial investigators, please see the online version of this article.
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Footnotes
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Supported by CV Therapeutics, Palo Alto, California. Dr. Stone has served on an advisory board and is a consultant for CV Therapeutics, has received grant support from Pfizer, Boston Scientific Corporation, and Novartis, and has given lectures for Pfizer. Prof. Gratsiansky and Dr. Blokhin were investigators for the ERICA study, and their institutions received financial support for their participation. Dr. Huang and Ms. Meng are employees of CV Therapeutics.
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S. R. Wilson, B. M. Scirica, E. Braunwald, S. A. Murphy, E. Karwatowska-Prokopczuk, J. L. Buros, B. R. Chaitman, and D. A. Morrow
Efficacy of ranolazine in patients with chronic angina observations from the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled MERLIN-TIMI (Metabolic Efficiency With Ranolazine for Less Ischemia in Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes) 36 Trial.
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
April 28, 2009;
53(17):
1510 - 1516.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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B. M. Scirica, D. A. Morrow, A. Budaj, A. J. Dalby, S. Mohanavelu, J. Qin, J. Aroesty, C. M. Hedgepeth, P. H. Stone, and E. Braunwald
Ischemia Detected on Continuous Electrocardiography After Acute Coronary Syndrome: Observations From the MERLIN-TIMI 36 (Metabolic Efficiency With Ranolazine for Less Ischemia in Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome-Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction 36) Trial
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
April 21, 2009;
53(16):
1411 - 1421.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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S. V. Arnold, D. A. Morrow, K. Wang, Y. Lei, E. M. Mahoney, B. M. Scirica, E. Braunwald, D. J. Cohen, and on behalf of the MERLIN-TIMI 36 Investigators
Effects of Ranolazine on Disease-Specific Health Status and Quality of Life Among Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes: Results from the MERLIN-TIMI 36 Randomized Trial
Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes,
November 1, 2008;
1(2):
107 - 115.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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S. Rastogi, V. G. Sharov, S. Mishra, R. C. Gupta, B. Blackburn, L. Belardinelli, W. C. Stanley, and H. N. Sabbah
Ranolazine combined with enalapril or metoprolol prevents progressive LV dysfunction and remodeling in dogs with moderate heart failure
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,
November 1, 2008;
295(5):
H2149 - H2155.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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L. L. Eckhardt, T. C. Teelin, and C. T. January
Is ranolazine an antiarrhythmic drug?
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,
May 1, 2008;
294(5):
H1989 - H1991.
[Full Text]
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D. M Shavelle
Long term medical treatment of stable coronary disease
Heart,
November 1, 2007;
93(11):
1473 - 1477.
[Full Text]
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B. M. Scirica, D. A. Morrow, H. Hod, S. A. Murphy, L. Belardinelli, C. M. Hedgepeth, P. Molhoek, F. W.A. Verheugt, B. J. Gersh, C. H. McCabe, et al.
Effect of Ranolazine, an Antianginal Agent With Novel Electrophysiological Properties, on the Incidence of Arrhythmias in Patients With Non ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome: Results From the Metabolic Efficiency With Ranolazine for Less Ischemia in Non ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 36 (MERLIN-TIMI 36) Randomized Controlled Trial
Circulation,
October 9, 2007;
116(15):
1647 - 1652.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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D. A. Morrow, B. M. Scirica, E. Karwatowska-Prokopczuk, S. A. Murphy, A. Budaj, S. Varshavsky, A. A. Wolff, A. Skene, C. H. McCabe, E. Braunwald, et al.
Effects of Ranolazine on Recurrent Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes: The MERLIN-TIMI 36 Randomized Trial
JAMA,
April 25, 2007;
297(16):
1775 - 1783.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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L. K. Newby and E. D. Peterson
Does Ranolazine Have a Place in the Treatment of Acute Coronary Syndromes?
JAMA,
April 25, 2007;
297(16):
1823 - 1825.
[Full Text]
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M. J. Koren, M. R. Crager, and M. Sweeney
Long-Term Safety of a Novel Antianginal Agent in Patients With Severe Chronic Stable Angina: The Ranolazine Open Label Experience (ROLE)
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
March 13, 2007;
49(10):
1027 - 1034.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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A. N. DeMaria, O. Ben-Yehuda, G. K. Feld, G. S. Ginsburg, B. H. Greenberg, W. Y.W. Lew, J. A.C. Lima, A. S. Maisel, J. Narula, D. J. Sahn, et al.
Highlights of the Year in JACC 2006
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
January 30, 2007;
49(4):
509 - 527.
[Full Text]
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J. A. Cairns
Ranolazine: Augmenting the Antianginal Armamentarium
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
August 1, 2006;
48(3):
576 - 578.
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