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Figure 1 The distribution of erythrocyte thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) in congestive heart failure (CHF) patients by grade of left ventricular function. Grade 1 or 2 = ejection fraction (EF) >35%, grade 3 or 4 = EF <35%. The dashed line is drawn at an erythrocyte TPP of 78 ng/ml packed red blood cells (RBCs). Congestive heart failure patients with a TPP below this cut point were considered thiamin deficient (TD).
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