CLINICAL RESEARCH: ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME
Frequency and Clinical Implications of Discordant Creatine Kinase-MB and Troponin Measurements in Acute Coronary Syndromes
L. Kristin Newby, MD, MHS, FACC*,*,
Matthew T. Roe, MD, MHS, FACC*,
Anita Y. Chen, MS*,
E. Magnus Ohman, MD, FACC ,
Robert H. Christenson, PhD ,
Charles V. Pollack, Jr, MD, MA ,
James W. Hoekstra, MD||,
W. Frank Peacock, MD¶,
Robert A. Harrington, MD, FACC*,
Robert L. Jesse, MD, PhD, FACC**,
W. Brian Gibler, MD,
Eric D. Peterson, MD, MPH, FACC* for the CRUSADE Investigators
* Division of Cardiology and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
Division of Cardiology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
Department of Emergency Medicine, Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
|| Department of Emergency Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
¶ Department of Emergency Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
** Division of Cardiology, Medical College of Virginia and Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
Manuscript received May 18, 2005;
revised manuscript received July 24, 2005,
accepted August 1, 2005.
* Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. L. Kristin Newby, Duke Clinical Research Institute, P.O. Box 17969, Durham, North Carolina 27715-7969. (Email: newby001{at}mc.duke.edu).
 |
Abstract
|
|---|
OBJECTIVES: We sought to evaluate the association between discordant cardiac marker results and in-hospital mortality and treatment patterns in patients with non–ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE ACS).
BACKGROUND: Creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and cardiac troponins (cTn) are often measured concurrently in patients with NSTE ACS. The significance of discordant CK-MB and cTn results is unknown.
METHODS: Among 29,357 ACS patients in the CRUSADE initiative who had both CK-MB and cTn measured during the first 36 hours, we examined relationships of four marker combinations (CK-MB–/cTn–, CK-MB+/cTn–, CK-MB–/cTn+, and CK-MB+/cTn+) with mortality and American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines-recommended acute care.
RESULTS: The CK-MB and cTn results were discordant in 28% of patients (CK-MB+/cTn–, 10%; CK-MB–/cTn+, 18%). In-hospital mortality was 2.7% among CK-MB–/cTn– patients; 3.0%, CK-MB+/cTn–; 4.5%, CK-MB–/cTn+; and 5.9%, CK-MB+/cTn+. After adjustment for other presenting risk factors, patients with CK-MB+/cTn– had a mortality odds ratio (OR) of 1.02 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.75 to 1.38), those with CK-MB–/cTn+ had an OR of 1.15 (95% CI 0.86 to 1.54), and those with CK-MB+/cTn+ had an OR of 1.53 (95% CI 1.18 to 1.98). Despite variable risk, patients with CK-MB+/cTn– and CK-MB–/cTn+ were treated similarly with early antithrombotic agents and catheter-based interventions.
CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with NSTE ACS, an elevated troponin level identifies patients at increased acute risk regardless of CK-MB status, but an isolated CK-MB+ status has limited prognostic value. Recognition of these risk differences may contribute to more appropriate early use of antithrombotic therapy and invasive management for all cTn+ patients.
|
Abbreviations and Acronyms
| | ACC = American College of Cardiology/ | | ACS = acute coronary syndrome | | AHA = American Heart Association | | CI = confidence interval | | CK-MB = creatine kinase-MB | | CRUSADE = Can Rapid Risk stratification of Unstable Angina Patients Suppress Adverse Outcomes with Early Implementation of the ACC/AHA Guidelines | | cTn = cardiac troponin | | NSTE = non–ST-segment elevation | | OR = odds ratio | | ULN = upper limit of normal |
|
Cardiac marker testing is a fundamental component of both diagnosis and risk stratification in patients presenting with symptoms suggestive of an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The recent European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology recommendation for redefinition of myocardial infarction established cardiac troponin (cTn) testing as the "gold standard" for diagnosis (1), and its superiority over other biomarkers for risk stratification has been demonstrated in numerous studies using core laboratories (2–6). In addition, several studies using core laboratory cTn testing have defined treatment benefit for several therapies based on a positive (>1x upper limit of normal [ULN]) or negative ( 1x ULN) result (7–14). Despite these data, use of creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) testing in clinical practice remains commonplace, and often cTn and CK-MB levels are both tested.
Although dual testing is often performed, physicians have concerns about false positive cTn results and often question the prognostic value of cTn in the absence of a positive CK-MB result. Similarly, studies examining the risks associated with an "isolated elevated CK-MB" result have been conflicting, in part because of limited study size and methodology (15,16). Thus, a better understanding of the risks associated with concordant and discordant cardiac markers could lead to improved application of American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines-recommended management of patients with non–ST-segment elevation (NSTE) ACS (17,18).
We investigated the use of dual cardiac marker testing in clinical practice, including the frequency of discordant results and the association of the results with in-hospital mortality and ACC/AHA guidelines-recommended acute medication and invasive procedure use among NSTE ACS patients who were enrolled in the Can Rapid Risk Stratification of Unstable Angina Patients Suppress Adverse Outcomes with Early Implementation of the ACC/AHA Guidelines (CRUSADE) Quality Improvement Initiative.
|
Methods
|
|---|
Study population.
The study population for our analysis comprised 29,357 patients with high-risk NSTE ACS who presented directly to one of 396 U.S. hospitals participating in the CRUSADE Initiative. We excluded patients who transferred in from another hospital (because of difficulty in timing cardiac marker assessment) and those who transferred out to another hospital (as their outcomes could not be tracked because of U.S. privacy laws). The inclusion criteria and data collection methods for the CRUSADE Initiative have been described in detail elsewhere (19). Briefly, patients with symptoms of ACS for at least 10 min who presented within 24 h of onset and who had either electrocardiographic changes consistent with a diagnosis of ischemia (transient ST-segment elevation 0.5 to 1.0 mm [lasting for <10 min], ST-segment depression  0.5 mm) or elevation of either cTn or CK-MB to greater than the value reported by a site’s local laboratory to designate definite myocardial necrosis or a positive bedside cardiac marker assay were included in the CRUSADE Initiative. A data collection form was used to gather information on baseline demographic and clinical characteristics, cardiac marker results, medication and procedure use, and in-hospital outcomes for all enrolled patients. Only baseline and peak cardiac marker results (including time of peak measurement) were recorded on the CRUSADE data collection form. All patients in the present analysis had both baseline and peak cTn and CK-MB values recorded. Data were collected anonymously during the initial hospitalization, and because no patient identifiers are collected, individual informed consent was not required. The institutional review board of each institution approved participation in the CRUSADE Initiative.
Marker status and outcomes of interest.
We determined the frequency of discordant cTn and CK-MB results among patients with peak measurements within 36 h of patient presentation. Creatine kinase-MB and cTn were considered positive when any reported value (baseline or peak) exceeded the ULN for the assays used in the site’s local laboratory. Patients were partitioned into four groups on the basis of these results: both markers negative (CK-MB–/cTn–), CK-MB positive and cTn negative (CK-MB+/cTn–), CK-MB negative and cTn positive (CK-MB–/cTn+), and both markers positive (CK-MB+/cTn+). We then investigated the relationship of each marker category with in-hospital mortality and with acute use of ACC/AHA guidelines-recommended medical therapies (<24 h of presentation) and an early invasive management strategy (within 24 to 48 h of presentation).
Statistical methods.
Baseline characteristics, medical treatment, procedure use, and in-hospital outcomes were compared across the four CK-MB/cTn categories. Continuous variables were reported as medians with 25th and 75th percentiles, and categorical variables were reported as frequencies. Continuous variables were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test, and categorical variables were compared using the chi-square test.
In examining the relationship between the CK-MB/cTn categories and care patterns and outcomes, we initially performed unadjusted comparisons. We then adjusted for a broad range of patient and hospital characteristics, including demographic, clinical, and hospital variables, using generalized estimating equation models to account for correlations among clustered responses (e.g., within-hospital correlations) (20, 21). All odds ratios (ORs) were reported with CK-MB–/cTn– as the reference group.
Finally, as troponin results can also be elevated among those with renal failure, which could inflate their prognostic value, we performed a sensitivity analysis by repeating all analyses after excluding patients with renal insufficiency or for whom data on renal insufficiency were missing (n = 4,821). A p value of <0.05 was established as the level of statistical significance for all tests. All analyses were performed using SAS software (versions 8.2, SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina).
|
Results
|
|---|
Patient population.
Among 29,357 patients with NSTE ACS, 22,867 were cTn+ and 20,506 were CK-MB+. The majority of patients had concordant cardiac marker results as 3,502 (11.9%) were CK-MB–/cTn– and 17,518 (59.7%) were CK-MB+/cTn+. In 28% of patients, CK-MB and cTn results were discordant (n = 2,988 [10.2%] CK-MB+/cTn– and n = 5,349 [18.2%] CK-MB–/cTn+).
Table 1 displays the baseline characteristics of the study population by cardiac marker category. Patients in the cTn+ groups were older regardless of CK-MB status; more often had prior stroke and renal insufficiency; and had higher heart rate, lower blood pressure, and, more frequently, signs of heart failure at presentation. They were also more likely to receive cardiology consultation during their hospitalization and be enrolled at larger hospitals. The CK-MB+ patients were more often male and less often had prior myocardial infarction regardless of cTn status. Groups with discordant cardiac markers had a greater proportion of racial/ethnic minorities. All marker-positive groups had lower proportions of patients with a history of coronary artery disease and hypertension than patients in the group that was negative for both markers. The use of a troponin I assay predominated in all groups, but troponin T was used more frequently among patients in the CK-MB+/cTn– group compared with other groups.
After excluding 2,506 patients (8.5%) whose only positive cTn was after a percutaneous coronary intervention, results were similar: 29.9% of patients had discordant marker results; 11.1% CK-MB+/cTn– and 18.8% CK-MB–/cTn+. Baseline characteristics by marker category were also similar to those for the overall population.
Clinical outcomes.
Considering only single-marker status, in-hospital mortality among cTn+ patients was 5.5% compared with 2.8% among cTn– patients. In-hospital mortality was 5.4% among CK-MB+ patients and 3.8% among CK-MB– patients. In-hospital mortality was 2.7% among CK-MB–/cTn– patients, 3.0% among CK-MB+/cTn– patients, 4.5% among CK-MB–/cTn+ patients, and 5.9% among CK-MB+/cTn+ patients. After eliminating the 2,506 patients whose only positive troponin occurred after a percutaneous coronary intervention, mortality rates were similar in the cTn– groups (CK-MB–/cTn–, 2.7% and CK-MB+/cTn–, 3.0%) and were only slightly higher in the cTn+ groups (CK-MB–/cTn+, 4.6% and CK-MB+/cTn+, 6.3%).
In multivariable analysis, after accounting for other baseline clinical and electrocardiographic factors (ST-segment depression [chi square 8.0]) and within hospital clustering, both CK-MB and cTn, tested as continuous variables, added incremental information regarding patients’ risk for in-hospital mortality. However, cTn was more strongly associated with mortality than CK-MB (chi square 23.2 for cTn vs. 7.6 for CK-MB). When we limited our analyses to only the 23,794 patients who had troponin I testing, the results were consistent with those in the overall population. Further, when type of cTn (I or T) was tested in the model, it was nonsignificant, suggesting that there was no difference in association with mortality based on the type of troponin assayed.
Similarly, there was a clear gradient of risk among our four categorical groupings. Relative to patients who were negative for both markers (CK-MB–/cTn–), those who were CK-MB+/cTn– had a mortality OR of 1.02 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.75 to 1.38); patients who were CK-MB–/cTn+ had an OR of 1.15 (95% CI 0.86 to 1.54); and those who were CK-MB+/cTn+ had an OR of 1.53 (95% CI 1.18 to 1.98). After excluding patients with renal insufficiency or missing information on renal insufficiency, the pattern of in-hospital mortality was similar: CK-MB–/cTn–, 2.3%; CK-MB+/cTn–, 2.5%; CK-MB–/cTn+, 3.4%; and CK-MB+/cTn+, 5.1%.
Among patients with discordant cardiac marker results, we repeated the analysis of the continuous relationship of cTn elevation with mortality among CK-MB– patients and the continuous relationship of CK-MB elevation with mortality among cTn– patients. Among patients with negative cTn, in-hospital mortality was not elevated above baseline until CK-MB exceeded four times ULN (12.8% of all CK-MB+/cTn– patients). In contrast, among CK-MB– patients, in-hospital mortality was in the 4% to 5% range (two- to three-fold increased risk) for all elevations of cTn >1x ULN even in the presence of a negative CK-MB assay.
Acute use of medications and invasive management.
Rates of adherence to guidelines-recommended acute medications and invasive procedures are shown in Table 2, along with adjusted ORs with 95% CIs for each marker category relative to the CK-MB–/cTn– group. After adjustment for patient and hospital characteristics, the odds of use of all guidelines-recommended acute medical therapies were consistently greatest among patients with both cardiac markers positive. However, patients with discordant CK-MB and cTn results received acute antithrombotic therapy in nearly identical patterns, with both groups being treated only slightly more aggressively than those with CK-MB–/cTn– panels. For example, use of acute glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors was 18.4% for patients with CK-MB–/cTn–, 23.7% in the CK-MB+/cTn– group, and 22.9% among the CK-MB–/cTn+ group. Paradoxically, an early interventional strategy was actually more commonly applied to patients with CK-MB–/cTn– panels relative to those with discordant positive cardiac marker panels. Rates of diagnostic cardiac catheterization within 48 h ranged from 40% to 44.5% for the three groups (Table 2). These patterns of care remained similar after adjustment for patient and hospital characteristics (Fig. 1).
View larger version (10K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
|
Figure 1 Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals for acute use of glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa inhibitors, clopidogrel, and an early invasive management strategy. CK-MB = creatine kinase-MB; cTn = cardiac troponin.
|
|
|
Discussion
|
|---|
We have shown that among patients with high-risk NSTE ACS managed under conditions of clinical practice, in-hospital mortality in cTn+ patients is increased regardless of CK-MB status. Although both markers contribute independent information in multivariable modeling, the overall contribution of troponin is stronger, and there is variability within the relationship such that there is little increase in risk at low-level CK-MB elevation. We also found that current patterns of use of acute antithrombotic therapies and an early invasive management strategy in community-based practice fail to reflect these risk profiles. Given higher risk among cTn+ patients and previous evidence for preferential benefit from the use of these treatments on the basis of cTn status, we should be wary of treating CK-MB+/cTn– patients aggressively and focus on improving delivery of these treatment strategies to cTn+ patients regardless of CK-MB results.
Marker status and outcome.
Patients with both markers positive within 36 h of presentation were at highest risk for in-hospital events, and those with both markers negative were at lowest risk. Among patients with discordant results (28%), any degree of isolated troponin elevation was more consistently associated with increased mortality than isolated CK-MB elevation, for which mortality was similar to that with both markers negative until CK-MB exceeded three to four times the ULN. This may represent more biological "noise" with CK-MB since there is normally some present in the blood, whereas cTn is not normally detectable, making the specificity of small elevations of cTn greater. As cTn assays become more sensitive, it is likely that CK-MB–/cTn+ results will become more frequent. Regardless, our results suggest that in clinical practice there is little advantage of simultaneous CK-MB and cTn testing for risk stratification in patients with high-risk ACS presentations, although a role may still remain for use of CK-MB in timing of infarction or defining re-infarction or infarction associated with percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass graft surgery. The stronger association of cardiac troponins than CK-MB with adverse clinical outcomes most likely reflects their greater sensitivity and specificity for minor myocardial necrosis resulting from microembolization from active plaques, which predispose to subsequent major clinical events, but whose activity may not be detectable by less sensitive or specific markers such as CK-MB until a larger event occurs. The explanation for the CK-MB+/cTn– discordance is more challenging. These could reflect timing of marker testing relative to symptom onset or discordance in timing of sampling, or simply false negative troponin tests. It is interesting that troponin T use was more frequent among the CK-MB+/cTn– group than in the three other marker categories. This may reflect the previously recommended use of a higher ROC-determined ULN for this assay relative to using a cutoff at the 99th percentile of a reference control population as occurs for some troponin I assays. Recently, the package insert for this assay was changed to reflect a recommended ULN of 0.03 ng/ml based on the 99th percentile of a reference control population and 10% CV level compared with the previous 0.1 ng/ml recommended ULN based on ROC analysis. It will be interesting to see whether increased use of the 0.03 ng/ml cutoff for patients tested with this assay results in a change in this pattern as more patients accrue in the database.
Our results among high-risk patients in clinical practice are similar to a previous analysis of high-risk ACS patients enrolled in clinical trials, in which baseline cTn elevation with or without CK-MB elevation was associated with increased risk for 30-day death or myocardial infarction, and patients with CK-MB elevation without cTn elevation had 30-day risk that was similar to patients with both markers negative (16). However, a single-center study of 542 troponin-negative patients who were followed for six months for the composite endpoint of death, cardiac rehospitalization, stroke, or myocardial infarction, revealed an OR for CK-MB+/cTn– relative to CK-MB–/cTn– of 1.86 (95% CI 1.14 to 3.03) (15). The differences between these studies possibly reflect the timing of the end point assessment, with elevations of CK-MB in the absence of cTn elevation being more sensitive for risk over the long term rather than acutely.
Use of guideline-recommended management and marker results.
For aspirin, beta-blockers, and clopidogrel, no difference in relative benefit from therapy has been demonstrated by applying treatment based upon the results of cardiac marker testing. Despite this, there was a tendency to use aspirin and beta-blockers more frequently among patients who were both CK-MB+ and cTn+ or who were CK-MB–/cTn+; a difference that persisted even after accounting for differences in baseline patient characteristics and hospital-related factors. A tendency for more effective application of evidence-based medical therapy in patients with acute myocardial infarction compared with unstable angina has been demonstrated in other databases (22,23), but a differential in use in patients with discordant marker results (CK-MB+/cTn– and CK-MB–/cTn+) relative to both markers being negative has not been previously reported.
Conversely, several studies have shown that the results of troponin testing can define high-risk groups of patients who preferentially benefit from the use of low-molecular-weight heparin and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors (with or without concomitant percutaneous coronary intervention) and an early invasive management strategy (7–14). Our observations suggest that this information is not applied consistently in clinical practice. Among patients with discordant results, there was no differential in glycoprotein IIb/IIIa use based on troponin status. Thus, it appears that treatment with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors is biased by CK-MB status despite the evidence that favors use among cTn+ patients. Similarly, despite a previous analysis that showed no interaction of CK-MB status with benefit from an early invasive strategy, but when stratified by troponin status demonstrated evidence for benefit among CK-MB–/cTn+ patients (24), in our study, even after accounting for patient and hospital characteristics, CK-MB+/cTn+ patients were most likely to undergo early diagnostic cardiac catheterization. Among those with discordant results, there was no difference in use of diagnostic catheterization within 24 h and only slightly more frequent use among CK-MB–/cTn+ patients than CK-MB+/cTn– patients in the <48-h time frame.
Study limitations.
The ACC/AHA guidelines are in continual evolution as new evidence becomes available. Therefore, it is possible that some of the relationships we observed may be of more or less relevance over time. Independent of this, our findings highlight several areas for education about risk and the application of both marker testing and evidence-based therapies that could have a substantial impact on the outcomes of high-risk ACS patients in the present. In part, our observations may reflect issues of differences in clinical trials populations and clinical practice ACS populations, perhaps reflecting uncertainty among clinicians about the benefits and risks of using antiplatelet therapy and early invasive management strategies among older and sicker patients, who tended to be under-represented in clinical trials. Continued efforts to enhance representation of these populations in future studies should help to better define treatment in these groups.
Since the CRUSADE population was selected on the basis of presence of high-risk characteristics, we cannot be sure that these findings would extend similarly to the entire spectrum of ACS, but there is no compelling reason to believe that they would not.
Marker-positive status was determined by using the site’s own laboratory-reported ULN for comparison with baseline and peak values reported by the CRUSADE investigators. Troponin substudies of clinical trials have established the designation of positive troponins as any value above the ULN for the assay used, and it is at these levels that the mortality and treatment effect differences were observed and accepted (7–9). In an attempt to examine these findings in the context of clinical practice, we have applied the same paradigm to the best available marker data. Since a core laboratory was not used, there is unavoidable variation in the type, quality, and standardization of the individual troponin assays used across hospitals. However, we feel our observations fairly represent clinical practice and the integration of marker testing into clinical decision making. Despite this, and the fact that we adjusted for hospital characteristics in our modeling, it remains possible that concern among physicians about the reliability of a reported troponin result may have influenced clinical management decisions, since it appears from our results that a positive CK-MB was necessary in addition to a positive cTn before more aggressive care was applied.
Finally, we did not account for the timing of positive markers. It is possible that since we assigned patients to marker categories based upon the highest marker level attained, irrespective of when it occurred within the first 36 h, physicians were less aggressive in the management of patients whose serial markers became minimally positive later in that period.
Conclusions.
Short-term mortality in cTn+ patients is increased regardless of CK-MB status, but CK-MB elevation in the absence of elevated cTn does not necessarily carry the same implications. Paradoxically, some therapies that are equally effective across all levels of risk are used more frequently in cTn+ patients, whereas therapies demonstrated to be more effective among cTn+ patients are not used differentially based on marker status. Recognition of differences in risk based on the results of cardiac marker testing and the relationships of the effectiveness of available therapies with marker status and risk should contribute to more appropriate early use of evidence-based treatment for ACS, particularly antiplatelet therapy and early invasive management.
|
Footnotes
|
|---|
The CRUSADE investigation is a National Quality Improvement Initiative of the Duke Clinical Research Institute and is funded by Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Schering Corp., Kenilworth, New Jersey. The Bristol-Myers Squibb (Plainsboro, New Jersey)/Sanofi Pharmaceuticals (New York, New York) Partnership provided additional funding support.
|
References
|
|---|
1. The Joint European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology Committee Myocardial infarction redefined—a consensus statement of the joint ECS/ACC Committee for the Redefinition of Myocardial Infarction J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;36:959-969.[Free Full Text]2. Ohman EM, Armstrong PW, Christenson RH, et al. GUSTO-IIa Investigators Cardiac troponin T levels for risk stratification in acute myocardial ischemia N Engl J Med 1996;335:1333-1341.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 3. Antman EM, Tanasijevic MJ, Thompson B, et al. Cardiac-specific troponin I levels to predict the risk of mortality in patients with acute coronary syndromes N Engl J Med 1996;335:1342-1349.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 4. Newby LK, Storrow AB, Gibler WB, et al. Bedside multimarker testing for risk stratification in chest pain unitsthe CHECKMATE study. Circulation 2001;103:1832-1837.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 5. Hamm CW, Goldmann BU, Heeschen C, Kreymann G, Berger J, Meinertz T. Emergency room triage of patients with acute chest pain by means of rapid testing for cardiac troponin T or troponin I N Engl J Med 1997;337:1648-1653.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 6. Ottani F, Galvani M, Nicolini FA, et al. Elevated cardiac troponin levels predict the risk of adverse outcome in patients with acute coronary syndromes Am Heart J 2000;140:917-927.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] 7. Newby LK, Ohman EM, Christenson RH, et al. Benefit of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition in patients with acute coronary syndromes and troponin T-positive statusthe PARAGON-B troponin T substudy. Circulation 2001;103:2891-2896.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 8. Heeschen C, Hamm CW, Goldmann B, Deu A, Langenbrink L, White HD, PRISM Study Investigators Troponin concentrations for stratification of patients with acute coronary syndromes in relation to therapeutic efficacy of tirofiban Lancet 1999;354:1757-1762.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] 9. Hamm CW, Heeschen C, Goldmann B, et al. Benefit of abciximab in patients with refractory unstable angina in relation to serum troponin T levels N Engl J Med 1999;340:1623-1629.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 10. Morrow DA, Antman EM, Tanasijevic M, et al. Cardiac troponin I for the stratification for early outcomes and the efficacy of enoxaparin in unstable anginaa TIMI-11B substudy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;36:1812-1817.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 11. Lindahl B, Venge P, Wallentin L, Fragmin in Unstable Coronary Artery Disease (FRISC) Study Group Troponin T identifies patients with unstable coronary artery disease who benefit from long-term anti-thrombotic protection J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:43-48.[Abstract] 12. Diderholm E, Andren B, Frostfeldt G, et al. Fast Revascularisation during InStability in Coronary artery disease (FRISC II) Investigators The prognostic and therapeutic implications of increased troponin T levels and ST depression in unstable coronary artery diseasethe FRISC II invasive troponin T electrocardiogram substudy. Am Heart J 2002;143:760-767.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] 13. Morrow DA, Cannon CP, Rifai N, et al. TACTICS-TIMI 18 Investigators Ability of minor elevations of troponins I and T to predict benefit from an early invasive strategy in patients with unstable angina and non–ST elevation myocardial infarctionresults from a randomized trial. JAMA 2001;286:2405-2412.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 14. Boersma E, Harrington RA, Moliterno DJ, et al. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in acute coronary syndromesa meta-analysis of all major randomised clinical trials. Lancet 2002;359:189-198.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] 15. Yee KC, Mukherjee D, Smith DE, et al. Prognostic significance of an elevated creatine kinase in the absence of an elevated troponin I during an acute coronary syndrome Am J Cardiol 2003;92:1442-1444.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] 16. Rao SV, Ohman EM, Granger CB, et al. Prognostic value of isolated troponin elevation across the spectrum of chest pain syndromes Am J Cardiol 2003;91:936-940.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] 17. Braunwald E, Antman EM, Beasley JW, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for management of patients with unstable angina and non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarctiona report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients with Unstable Angina). Circulation 2002;106:1893-1900.[Free Full Text] 18. Braunwald E, Antman EM, Beasley JW, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina and non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarctiona report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients with Unstable Angina). J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;36:970-1062.[Free Full Text] 19. Hoekstra JW, Pollack CV, Roe MT, et al. Improving the care of patients with non–ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes in the emergency departmentthe CRUSADE Initiative. Acad Emerg Med 2002;9:1146-1155.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] 20. Blomkalns AL, Chen AY, Hochman JS, et al. Gender disparities in the diagnosis and treatment of non–ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromeslarge-scale observations from the CRUSADE (Can Rapid Risk Stratification of Unstable Angina Patients Suppress Adverse Outcomes With Early Implementation of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guidelines) National Quality Improvement Initiative. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:832-837.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 21. Liang K-Y, Zeger SL. Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models Biometrika 1986;73:13-22.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 22. Kramer JM, Newby LK, Chang W-C, et al. SYMPHONY and 2nd SYMPHONY Investigators International variation in the use of evidence-based medicines for acute coronary syndromes Eur Heart J 2003;24:2133-2141.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 23. Fox KAA, Goodman SG, Klein W, et al. Management of acute coronary syndromes. Variations in practice and outcome. Findings from the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) Eur Heart J 2002;23:1177-1189.[Abstract/Free Full Text] 24. Kleiman NS, Lakkis N, Cannon CP, et al. TACTICS-TIMI 18 Investigators Prospective analysis of creatine kinase muscle-brain fraction and comparison with troponin T to predict cardiac risk and benefit of an invasive strategy in patients with non–ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:1044-1050.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
|
|
 
L. B. Daniels, G. A. Laughlin, P. Clopton, A. S. Maisel, and E. Barrett-Connor
Minimally Elevated Cardiac Troponin T and Elevated N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Predict Mortality in Older Adults: Results From the Rancho Bernardo Study
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
August 5, 2008;
52(6):
450 - 459.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Bagwe, R. Sachdeva, and J. L. Mehta
High-risk acute coronary syndrome patient and cardiac biomarkers in the emergency department: where do we stand?
Eur. Heart J.,
May 1, 2007;
28(9):
1043 - 1044.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. R. Steinhubl and R. Charnigo
Clopidogrel Treatment Prior to Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: When Enough Isn't Enough
JAMA,
April 5, 2006;
295(13):
1581 - 1582.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Post Hoc Analysis of Cardiac Marker Data from the CRUSADE Study
Journal Watch Emergency Medicine,
March 28, 2006;
2006(328):
13 - 13.
[Full Text]
|
|
|
|
Top
Abstract
Methods