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Figure 2 Schematic of inward and outward ionic currents, pumps, and exchangers that underlie atrial and ventricular action potentials in the mammalian heart. Control and failing (bold line) action potential profiles are shown on top. Each phase of the action potential is labeled. Under the action potential, a schematic of the time course of each current is shown, and the gene product (probable clone) that underlies the current is indicated. Reprinted with permission from Fuster V, Alexander RW, O’Rourke RA. Hurst’s The Heart. 11th edition. McGraw-Hill Companies, 2004.
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