JACC
HOME SUBSCRIPTIONS CURRENT ISSUE PAST ISSUES CARDIOSOURCE SEARCH HELP FEEDBACK
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     

J Am Coll Cardiol, 2006; 47:175-181, doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.07.071 (Published online 29 November 2005).
© 2006 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Figures Only
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow All Versions of this Article:
j.jacc.2005.07.071v1
47/1/175    most recent
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Related articles in JACC
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in ISI Web of Science
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via ISI Web of Science (75)
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Nebeker, J. R.
Right arrow Articles by Feldman, M. D.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Nebeker, J. R.
Right arrow Articles by Feldman, M. D.

EXPEDITED REVIEW

Hypersensitivity Cases Associated With Drug-Eluting Coronary Stents

A Review of Available Cases From the Research on Adverse Drug Events and Reports (RADAR) Project

Jonathan R. Nebeker, MS, MD*,||,*, Renu Virmani, MD{dagger}{dagger}, Charles L. Bennett, MD, PhD, MPP{dagger},¶, Jennifer M. Hoffman, PharmD*,||, Matthew H. Samore, MD*,||, Jorge Alvarez, MD{ddagger},#, Charles J. Davidson, MD, June M. McKoy, MD, MPH, JD, Dennis W. Raisch, PhD§,**, Brian K. Whisenant, MD*,||, Paul R. Yarnold, PhD, Steven M. Belknap, MD, Dennis P. West, PhD, Jonathan E. Gage, MD{ddagger}{ddagger}, Richard E. Morse, MA{dagger},¶, Gordana Gligoric, MD, PhD{ddagger},#, Laura Davidson{dagger},¶ and Marc D. Feldman, MD, FACC{ddagger},#

* Veterans Administration Salt Lake City, Salt Lake City, Utah
{dagger} Veterans Administration Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
{ddagger} Veterans Administration San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
§ Veterans Administration Albuquerque, Albuquerque, New Mexico
|| University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
# University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
** University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
{dagger}{dagger} Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Bethesda, Maryland
{ddagger}{ddagger} Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut

Manuscript received May 2, 2005; revised manuscript received June 6, 2005, accepted July 6, 2005.

* Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Jonathan R. Nebeker, GRECC 182, Salt Lake City, Utah 84148. (Email: Jonathan.Nebeker{at}hsc.utah.edu).

This work has been presented as an abstract at the following scientific meetings: 2004 American Heart Association Scientific Sessions, and 2005 American College of Cardiology Scientific Sessions.


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
OBJECTIVES: We undertook the review of all available cases of hypersensitivity reactions after placement of a drug-eluting stent (DES) and classified potential causes.

BACKGROUND: Six months after the approval of the first DES, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reported 50 hypersensitivity reactions after stent placement but later concluded these were due to concomitantly prescribed medications such as clopidogrel. Nevertheless, the FDA continued to receive reports of hypersensitivity.

METHODS: Reports available from April 2003 through December 2004 for hypersensitivity-like reactions associated with the sirolimus-eluting stent (CYPHER, Cordis Corp., Miami Lakes, Florida) and paclitaxel-eluting stent (TAXUS, Boston Scientific Corp., Natick, Massachusetts) were reviewed. Sources of reports included the FDA’s adverse-device-event database, the published literature, and investigators from the Research on Adverse Drug/Device events And Reports (RADAR) project. Causality was assessed using standardized World Health Organization criteria.

RESULTS: Of 5,783 reports identified for the DES in the FDA database, 262 unique events included hypersensitivity symptoms. Of these reports, 2 were certainly and 39 unlikely caused by clopidogrel and 1 was certainly, 9 probably, and 13 unlikely caused by the DES. From all sources, we identified 17 distinct cases that were probably or certainly caused by the stent, of which 9 had symptoms that lasted longer than four weeks. Four autopsies confirmed intrastent eosinophilic inflammation, thrombosis, and lack of intimal healing.

CONCLUSIONS: The FDA reports and autopsy findings suggest that DES may be a cause of systemic and intrastent hypersensitivity reactions that, in some cases, have been associated with late thrombosis and death.

Abbreviations and Acronyms
  DES = drug-eluting stent
  FDA = Food and Drug Administration
  MAUDE = Manufacturer and User Device Experience
  PES = paclitaxel-eluting stent
  RADAR = Research on Adverse Drug/Device events And Reports
  SES = sirolimus-eluting stent
  WHO = World Health Organization

Since being approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), drug-eluting stents (DES) have reduced the occurrence of major cardiac events from 16.4% with bare-metal stents to 7.8% with DES (1). The stainless steel struts of the stent are coated with polymers impregnated with a drug that inhibits local intimal hyperplasia. The sirolimus-eluting stent (SES) (CYPHER, Cordis Corp., Miami Lakes, Florida), approved by the FDA in May 2003, is impregnated with an anti-inflammatory agent. The paclitaxel-eluting stent (PES) (TAXUS, Boston Scientific Corp., Natick, Massachusetts), approved in March 2004, is impregnated with a chemotherapeutic agent. More than two million DES have been implanted, now accounting for 75% of all coronary artery stents utilized (2,3).

In October 2003, an FDA advisory described 50 hypersensitivity cases after CYPHER stent implantation (4). Symptoms included rash, dyspnea, hives, itching, and fevers. In November 2003, a follow-up advisory indicated that almost all of the hypersensitivity reactions were caused by standard drug therapy associated with stent implantation (5). Nevertheless, components of DES and closely related compounds have caused hypersensitivity reactions in other settings, suggesting that components of the stent itself may be causative factors in some cases (6–8). Moreover, there has been no public verification of the FDA case-based findings through epidemiologic analysis of clinical trial data; hypersensitivity data is not presented in the package insert or in publications of the clinical trials (9,10).

The recently initiated Research on Adverse Drug/Device events And Reports (RADAR) project reviews in detail adverse event reports gathered from diverse sources, including the FDA, in order to evaluate causal associations between therapeutic agents and potentially fatal adverse events (11). Herein, RADAR investigators assessed all available cases to date for the possibility that DES may be a cause of hypersensitivity reactions, including cases identified independent from the FDA database.


   Methods
Top
 Abstract
 Methods
Results
 Discussion
 References
 
The FDA’s Manufacturer and User Device Experience center (MAUDE) receives adverse event reports from device monitoring programs worldwide (12). All MAUDE reports regarding the CYPHER and TAXUS stents received from April 2003 through December 2004 were reviewed. The case definition included DES placement and hypersensitivity findings including rash, dyspnea, hives, anaphylaxis, thrombocytopenia, itching, arthralgia, joint swelling, myalgia, or fevers. Reports were reviewed for similar dates, location, and clinical findings to minimize double counting of events. Other instances of DES-associated hypersensitivity reactions were identified by review of electronic databases (medical subject headings terms of DES, hypersensitivity) and/or from the clinical practice of study co-investigators.

Fields in the MAUDE database used for analysis and classification included the event identification, report identification, date received, seriousness of outcome according to FDA criteria (death, life-threatening, hospitalization, emergency intervention), source of report (manufacturer or other), and free text descriptions. Reviewers were blinded to all data except the event identification, report identification, and free text descriptions of the case. Reviewers coded the time from implantation to onset of symptoms ("immediately afterwards" classified as one day, and "soon after" classified as five days), duration of symptoms (no time stated but one physician visit with subsequent telephone follow-up classified as four weeks), rash type, rash distribution, other symptoms, allergy history, reported attribution of cause to stent, reported attribution of cause to concomitant medication, treatments (for each: drug/intervention, duration, effect), concomitant medication (for each: physician attribution of cause for symptoms, started more than seven days before stent, previous continuous exposure without reaction).

Causal association grades for clopidogrel, aspirin, and the DES were assigned according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria (13). These criteria classify causal associations as certain, probable, possible, or unlikely based on timing, pathophysiology, de-challenge (agent withdrawal), re-challenge (agent re-exposure), and competing explanations (Table 1).


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Table 1. Application of World Health Organization Criteria to Potential Causal Agents
 
The crude odds ratio was used as the measure of association between the source of the report and the presence of a causal attribution statement. The kappa statistic was used to measure agreement between the reported cause of the reaction and the WHO-criteria-based classification dichotomized between probable and possible scores. All statistical analyses were conducted using Stata 8.2 (StataCorp., College Station, Texas).


   Results
Top
 Abstract
 Methods
 Results
Discussion
 References
 
Since DES have been marketed, we identified 5,781 MAUDE reports received by the FDA (3,695 for CYPHER over 18 months and 2,086 for TAXUS over 8 months). Of these, 251 reports for CYPHER and 11 reports for TAXUS described hypersensitivity symptoms. Figure 1 demonstrates an increase from a monthly mean of 10 to 44 after the release of the FDA caution. The four months after the FDA retraction of the hypersensitivity caution, a mean of 25 reports were received. The number of reports received by the FDA decreased to zero thereafter.


Figure 1
View larger version (30K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Figure 1 Reports received by the Food and Drug Administration for hypersensitivity-like symptoms associated with drug-eluting coronary stents.

 
Among MAUDE hypersensitivity reports with symptom onset information (n = 185), symptoms began within 1 day of stent implantation (20%), 2 to 7 days (46%), 8 to 14 days (19%), and >2 weeks (15%) after stent implantation (mean 11.5 days). Among the 115 cases for which symptom duration information was available, symptoms persisted for ≤1 week for 15% of cases and <30 days for 50%. Presenting symptoms included rash (78%), itching (27%), hives (23%), dyspnea (16%), fever (13%), atypical chest pain (8%), high or low blood pressure (8%), joint pain or swelling (8%), and anaphylaxis (6%). Among hypersensitivity reports with descriptions of rash (n = 204), 26% involved hives, 3% involved desquamation or blisters, 21% covered the entire body, 11% were focal eruptions, and 57% lacked characterizing information. Based on MAUDE seriousness codes (n = 242) and additional classifications from case descriptions (n = 8), 95% of hypersensitivity reactions were classified as serious including events that required emergency interventions (34%) (e.g., intravenous steroids and cardiac catheterization) or hospitalization (18%), or resulted in permanent disability (5%), or may have contributed to death (2%). At least one antiplatelet drug was discontinued at the onset of hypersensitivity in 19% of cases.

Potential causative factors—concomitant medications versus the DES—were evaluated using WHO criteria (Tables 1 and 2). Go Lack of key information resulted in simultaneous classifications of "possible" for the three major causes of hypersensitivity (clopidogrel, aspirin, and the DES) in 80% of reports. Over one-fifth of all MAUDE hypersensitivity reactions, of which three were fatal, persisted more than 30 days but could not be scored above "possible" for any cause because of lacking information.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Table 2. World Health Organization Causation Assessment Categories for Associated Hypersensitivity Identified in the MAUDE Database
 
From the MAUDE database, cases seen by RADAR co-investigators (14), and published cases (15), 17 cases (14 CYPHER and 3 TAXUS) of probable or certain DES-induced hypersensitivity syndromes were identified (Table 3). Four patients died of coronary thrombosis that extended into the stent. Histological examination demonstrated intrastent eosinophilic infiltrates and poor intimal healing as late as 18 months after implantation (Fig. 2). In one of these patients, concomitantly placed bare-metal stents were not associated with these hypersensitivity findings. For all 17 cases, clinical manifestations included non-urticarial rash (n = 8), hives (n = 5), dyspnea (n = 6), myalgia/arthralgia (n = 3), itching (n = 2), and blisters (n = 1). All urticarial eruptions began within 10 days of implantation. Laboratory findings included eosinophilia and elevated IgE titers over five times normal for three patients. Clinical or laboratory findings did not abate with discontinuation of antiplatelet medications.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Table 3. Findings for 17 Individuals With Hypersensitivity Symptoms Classified as Certainly or Probably Due to a Drug-Eluting Stent
 

Figure 2
View larger version (137K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Figure 2 Photomicrograph of the non-stented coronary artery of Patient #2 just proximal to the stent showing severe stenosis and non-occlusive luminal thrombus (th) (A). In B is shown the proximal stented artery with marked inflammatory reaction around stent struts; high-power magnification of the boxed areas in B is shown in C and D, note that there is severe granulomatous reaction consisting of macrophages (arrowheads) and giant cells (arrows). In between the stent struts, there is severe eosinophilic and T-cell infiltration (high-power E) with only rare spindle-shaped cells seen close to the lumen. There is absence of endothelium in D; instead there is a surface thrombus.

 
We also evaluated the MAUDE dataset for completeness and potential bias. Many MAUDE reports did not include information on time to symptom onset (30%), time of symptom duration (55%), concomitant drugs (40%), and de-challenge response to concomitant drugs (81%). In comparison to reports submitted from sources other than the manufacturer, manufacturer reports were 3.4-fold (95% confidence interval 1.0 to 17.7) more likely to include a statement that the DES was not the cause of the hypersensitivity symptoms and 3.1-fold (95% confidence interval 1.1 to 12.6) more likely to include text indicating that clopidogrel was the most likely cause of the hypersensitivity symptoms. Agreement was low between the likelihood that clopidogrel was the most probable cause of the hypersensitivity findings included in the MAUDE database versus our review (kappa = 0.05).


   Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 Methods
 Results
 Discussion
References
 
This study is the first comprehensive assessment of hypersensitivity-like reactions that occurred after placement of DES. Only 2 of 262 cases of hypersensitivity cases reported to the FDA could be attributed to clopidogrel despite the widespread perception that this antiplatelet agent is the major culprit for hypersensitivity reactions. For 17 cases, the stent itself appears to be the most probable cause of hypersensitivity findings. Pathology findings from four autopsies present the strongest evidence that DES cause hypersensitivity reactions.

Medications initiated after DES implantation are a possible source of hypersensitivity-like symptoms. About 4% of persons who receive intravenous iodinated contrast agents develop rashes or itching, with symptoms usually beginning within minutes of contrast administration (16). For ticlopidine, clopidogrel, and aspirin, rash is reported in 5.1%, 4.2%, and 3.5% of recipients, respectively (16). In a prospective study of 130 patients who received ticlopidine and aspirin after a bare-metal stent, the mean onset of hypersensitivity symptoms was 10 days, and mean duration was 5 days; no case lasted longer than 30 days (17). Although FDA officials concluded that most of the CYPHER stent-associated hypersensitivity reactions could be attributed to concomitant drugs, particularly antiplatelets, our analysis suggests that, in all but two cases, clopidogrel would be classified as a possible or an unlikely cause of the clinical findings. Moreover, the duration of symptoms in the MAUDE dataset, in which 50% of cases lasted more than a month, is not congruent with the shorter duration of symptoms in patients receiving ticlopidine after bare-metal stents (17). It is particularly important not to misattribute the cause of hypersensitivity to antiplatelet medications, as premature discontinuation of these drugs increases the hazard of stent thrombosis 90-fold (18).

Drugs impregnated in the stent may also be a source of hypersensitivity. Sirolimus is an unlikely cause of hypersensitivity because it typically reduces eosinophilic infiltration and histamine release and has been associated with low rates of hypersensitivity (16). The incidence of hypersensitivity to paclitaxel itself is not known because large, published studies have used a castor-oil-derived vehicle known to have high rates of non-immune-mediated hypersensitivity reactions (19).

Non-drug components of the DES are potential causes of hypersensitivity. The polymer coating can fragment and expose metal struts (14), raising concern that nickel and molybdenum in the stainless steel may cause hypersensitivity (6). However, bare-metal stents have not been demonstrated to cause hypereosinophilic, IgE-mediated reactions in a human autopsy series of over 400 stents (14). The polymers coating the DES are a more likely cause of late, persistent hypersensitivity. Studies of related polymers have demonstrated local and systemic hypersensitivity responses to intravascular and locally applied polymers (7). In animal studies of DES, eosinophilic infiltrates developed in 25% of pigs receiving DES, and these infiltrates were more prominent at 90 days versus 28 days (14).

The limitations of our study should be acknowledged. First, hypersensitivity events in DES clinical trials are likely to be underreported, as some trials (9,10) solicited events that were judged by the treating clinician to be attributable to the stent instead of all hypersensitivity events. Moreover, the proportion of 262 cases in over two million insertions is well below the 4% expected for hypersensitivity from drugs alone. Second, MAUDE reports frequently lacked information necessary for causality attribution. Third, because of underreporting and missing case information, it is not appropriate to draw inferences that hypersensitivity reactions are more frequently caused by the stent than concomitant drugs or by one brand of stent than another. As with most of the reports from the RADAR project (11), incidence rate estimates are not possible to derive from spontaneous reports. However, because clinical trials with thousands of patients have not reported increased mortality with DES compared to bare-metal stents (9,10), the incidence of fatal hypersensitivity events due to DES is likely to be low.

In conclusion, our findings suggest that local and systemic hypersensitivity manifestations can develop in response to implantation of DES in coronary arteries. These events may cause prolonged hypersensitivity symptoms and occasionally result in death. Further study is warranted to characterize the incidence and course of these events, to develop tests that predict or confirm the development of stent-associated hypersensitivity, and to determine whether stent-sensitive patients warrant prolonged antiplatelet therapy. Health professionals should be vigilant for hypersensitivity symptoms among persons receiving a DES and should submit detailed adverse event reports to the manufacturer or the FDA.


   Acknowledgments
 
The authors would like to acknowledge Scott Capps and Brett South for their help in data management.


   Footnotes
 
Grant support from Veterans Administration Health Services Research & Development RCD-02-176, TRP-02-147, the Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC) of the VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, and from the National Cancer Institute (1R01CA, 102713-01, and P 30 CA60553). Dr. Virmani has received research support from Boston Scientific in the last three years. Dr. Feldman is a co-founder of Setagon Inc., a developer of a drug-eluting metallic stent.


   References
Top
 Abstract
 Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 

  1. Babapulle MN, Joseph L, Belisle P, Brophy JM, Eisenberg MJ. A hierarchical Bayesian meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials of drug-eluting stents Lancet 2004;364:583-591.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  2. Mueller T. Stories of Survival and Hope Mark the One Million Patient Milestone for the CYPHER Sirolimus-Eluting Coronary Stent. Miami Lakes, FL: COMTEX; 2005.
  3. Boston Scientific Announces Implantation of Millionth TAXUS Express2 Coronary Stent System. Natick, MA: Boston Scientific Corporation; 2005.
  4. Information for Physicians on Sub-Acute Thromboses (SAT) and Hypersensitivity Reactions with Use of the Cordis CYPHER Coronary Stent. FDA Public Health Web Notification. 1st edition. Rockville, MD: Food and Drug Administration; 2003. pp. 2.
  5. Updated Information for Physicians on Sub-acute Thromboses (SAT) and Hypersensitivity Reactions with Use of the Cordis CYPHER Sirolimus-eluting Coronary Stent. FDA Public Health Web Notification. 1st edition. Rockville, MD: Food and Drug Administration; 2003. pp. 2.
  6. Hillen U, Haude M, Erbel R, Goos M. Evaluation of metal allergies in patients with coronary stents Contact Dermatitis 2002;47:353-356.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  7. van der Giessen WJ, Lincoff AM, Schwartz RS, et al. Marked inflammatory sequelae to implantation of biodegradable and nonbiodegradable polymers in porcine coronary arteries Circulation 1996;94:1690-1697.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  8. Leggat PA, Kedjarune U. Toxicity of methyl methacrylate in dentistry Int Dent J 2003;53:126-131.[Medline]
  9. Moses JW, Leon MB, Popma JJ, et al. Sirolimus-eluting stents versus standard stents in patients with stenosis in a native coronary artery N Engl J Med 2003;349:1315-1323.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  10. Stone GW, Ellis SG, Cox DA, et al. One-year clinical results with the slow-release, polymer-based, paclitaxel-eluting TAXUS stentthe TAXUS-IV trial. Circulation 2004;109:1942-1947.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  11. Bennett CL, Nebeker JR, Lyons EA, et al. The Research on Adverse Drug Events and Reports (RADAR) project JAMA 2005;293:2131-2140.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  12. Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience Database. Rockville, MD: Food and Drug Administration; 2004.
  13. Nebeker JR, Barach P, Samore MH. Clarifying adverse drug eventsa clinician’s guide to terminology, documentation, and reporting. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:795-801.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  14. Virmani R, Guagliumi G, Farb A, et al. Localized hypersensitivity and late coronary thrombosis secondary to a sirolimus-eluting stentshould we be cautious?. Circulation 2004;109:701-705.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  15. Kritharides L, Yiannikas J, Brieger D, Allman K. Images in cardiovascular medicine. Coronary uptake of gallium-67 citrate after implantation of sirolimus-eluting stent Circulation 2004;109:2156.[Free Full Text]
  16. Mosby’s Drug Consult. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Inc; 2004.
  17. Yosipovitch G, Rechavia E, Feinmesser M, David M. Adverse cutaneous reactions to ticlopidine in patients with coronary stents J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;41:473-476.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  18. Iakovou I, Schmidt T, Bonizzoni E, et al. Incidence, predictors, and outcome of thrombosis after successful implantation of drug-eluting stents JAMA 2005;293:2126-2130.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  19. Rowinsky EK, Donehower RC. Paclitaxel (taxol) N Engl J Med 1995;332:1004-1014.[Free Full Text]

Related articles in JACC:

Allergic Reactions After the Implantation of Drug-Eluting Stents: Is it the Pill or the Polymer?
Babak Azarbal and Jesse W. Currier
JACC 2006 47: 182-183. [Full Text]  



This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Am J Health Syst PharmHome page
J. Sullivan and N. Amarshi
Dual antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel and aspirin
Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm., June 15, 2008; 65(12): 1134 - 1143.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eur Heart JHome page
J. Mehilli, R. A. Byrne, A. Wieczorek, R. Iijima, S. Schulz, O. Bruskina, J. Pache, R. Wessely, A. Schomig, A. Kastrati, et al.
Randomized trial of three rapamycin-eluting stents with different coating strategies for the reduction of coronary restenosis
Eur. Heart J., June 11, 2008; (2008) ehn253v1.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular DiseaseHome page
S. Jimenez-Valero, R. Moreno, A. Sanchez-Recalde, G. Galeote, L. Calvo, A. Viana, E. Lopez de Sa, and J. Lopez-Sendon
Review: Avoiding restenosis: is there a role for glucocorticoids in the drug-eluting stent era?
Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease, June 1, 2008; 2(3): 137 - 146.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 J Am Coll CardiolHome page
K. F. von Tiehl, M. J. Price, R. Valencia, K. J. Ludington, P. S. Teirstein, and R. A. Simon
Clopidogrel Desensitization After Drug-Eluting Stent Placement
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 20, 2007; 50(21): 2039 - 2043.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eur Heart JHome page
P. J. Vlaar, B. J. G. L. de Smet, and F. Zijlstra
DES or BMS in acute myocardial infarction?
Eur. Heart J., November 2, 2007; 28(22): 2693 - 2694.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 CirculationHome page
S. Windecker and B. Meier
Late Coronary Stent Thrombosis
Circulation, October 23, 2007; 116(17): 1952 - 1965.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 CirculationHome page
L. A. Fleisher, J. A. Beckman, K. A. Brown, H. Calkins, E. Chaikof, K. E. Fleischmann, W. K. Freeman, J. B. Froehlich, E. K. Kasper, J. R. Kersten, et al.
ACC/AHA 2007 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation and Care for Noncardiac Surgery: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation for Noncardiac Surgery)
Circulation, October 23, 2007; 116(17): e418 - e499.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 CirculationHome page
J. Daemen and P. W. Serruys
Drug-Eluting Stent Update 2007: Part II: Unsettled Issues
Circulation, August 21, 2007; 116(8): 961 - 968.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Am Coll CardiolHome page
S. R. Dixon, C. L. Grines, and W. W. O'Neill
The Year in Interventional Cardiology
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 17, 2007; 50(3): 270 - 285.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 CirculationHome page
J. Daemen and P. W. Serruys
Drug-Eluting Stent Update 2007: Part I: A Survey of Current and Future Generation Drug-Eluting Stents: Meaningful Advances or More of the Same?
Circulation, July 17, 2007; 116(3): 316 - 328.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Am Coll CardiolHome page
R. Jaffe and B. H. Strauss
Late and Very Late Thrombosis of Drug-Eluting Stents: Evolving Concepts and Perspectives
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 10, 2007; 50(2): 119 - 127.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Am Coll CardiolHome page
D. R. Holmes Jr, D. J. Kereiakes, W. K. Laskey, A. Colombo, S. G. Ellis, T. D. Henry, J. J. Popma, P. W.J.C. Serruys, T. Kimura, D. O. Williams, et al.
Thrombosis and Drug-Eluting Stents: An Objective Appraisal
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 10, 2007; 50(2): 109 - 118.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Arch Intern MedHome page
C. L. Bennett, J. R. Nebeker, P. R. Yarnold, C. C. Tigue, D. A. Dorr, J. M. McKoy, B. J. Edwards, J. F. Hurdle, D. P. West, D. T. Lau, et al.
Evaluation of Serious Adverse Drug Reactions: A Proactive Pharmacovigilance Program (RADAR) vs Safety Activities Conducted by the Food and Drug Administration and Pharmaceutical Manufacturers
Arch Intern Med, May 28, 2007; 167(10): 1041 - 1049.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 CirculationHome page
S. Cook, P. Wenaweser, M. Togni, M. Billinger, C. Morger, C. Seiler, R. Vogel, O. Hess, B. Meier, and S. Windecker
Incomplete Stent Apposition and Very Late Stent Thrombosis After Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation
Circulation, May 8, 2007; 115(18): 2426 - 2434.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Ann. Thorac. Surg.Home page
The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Blood Conservatio, V. A. Ferraris, S. P. Ferraris, S. P. Saha, E. A. Hessel II, C. K. Haan, B. D. Royston, C. R. Bridges, R. S.D. Higgins, G. Despotis, et al.
Perioperative Blood Transfusion and Blood Conservation in Cardiac Surgery: The Society of Thoracic Surgeons and The Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists Clinical Practice Guideline
Ann. Thorac. Surg., May 1, 2007; 83(5_Supplement): S27 - S86.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 CirculationHome page
D. E. Cutlip, S. Windecker, R. Mehran, A. Boam, D. J. Cohen, G.-A. van Es, P. Gabriel Steg, M.-a. Morel, L. Mauri, P. Vranckx, et al.
Clinical End Points in Coronary Stent Trials: A Case for Standardized Definitions
Circulation, May 1, 2007; 115(17): 2344 - 2351.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eur Heart JHome page
H. M.M. van Beusekom, F. Saia, J. D. Zindler, P. A. Lemos, S. L. S.-t. Hoor, M. A.H. van Leeuwen, P. J. de Feijter, P. W. Serruys, and W. J. van der Giessen
Drug-eluting stents show delayed healing: paclitaxel more pronounced than sirolimus
Eur. Heart J., April 12, 2007; (2007) ehm064v1.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Ann. Thorac. Surg.Home page
S. Luthra, J. Tatoulis, and R. J. Warren
Drug-Eluting Stent-Induced Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery Aneurysm: Repair by Pericardial Patch--Where Are We Headed?
Ann. Thorac. Surg., April 1, 2007; 83(4): 1530 - 1532.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 NEJMHome page
C. Spaulding, J. Daemen, E. Boersma, D. E. Cutlip, and P. W. Serruys
A Pooled Analysis of Data Comparing Sirolimus-Eluting Stents with Bare-Metal Stents
N. Engl. J. Med., March 8, 2007; 356(10): 989 - 997.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 NEJMHome page
G. W. Stone, J. W. Moses, S. G. Ellis, J. Schofer, K. D. Dawkins, M.-C. Morice, A. Colombo, E. Schampaert, E. Grube, A. J. Kirtane, et al.
Safety and Efficacy of Sirolimus- and Paclitaxel-Eluting Coronary Stents
N. Engl. J. Med., March 8, 2007; 356(10): 998 - 1008.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 CirculationHome page
T. F. Luscher, J. Steffel, F. R. Eberli, M. Joner, G. Nakazawa, F. C. Tanner, and R. Virmani
Drug-Eluting Stent and Coronary Thrombosis: Biological Mechanisms and Clinical Implications
Circulation, February 27, 2007; 115(8): 1051 - 1058.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Am Coll CardiolHome page
C. L. Grines, R. O. Bonow, D. E. Casey Jr, T. J. Gardner, P. B. Lockhart, D. J. Moliterno, P. O'Gara, and P. Whitlow
Prevention of Premature Discontinuation of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients With Coronary Artery Stents: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, American College of Surgeons, and American Dental Association, With Representation From the American College of Physicians
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 13, 2007; 49(6): 734 - 739.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 CirculationHome page
C. L. Grines, R. O. Bonow, D. E. Casey Jr, T. J. Gardner, P. B. Lockhart, D. J. Moliterno, P. O'Gara, and P. Whitlow
Prevention of Premature Discontinuation of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients With Coronary Artery Stents: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, American College of Surgeons, and American Dental Association, With Representation From the American College of Physicians
Circulation, February 13, 2007; 115(6): 813 - 818.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Am Coll CardiolHome page
A. N. DeMaria, O. Ben-Yehuda, G. K. Feld, G. S. Ginsburg, B. H. Greenberg, W. Y.W. Lew, J. A.C. Lima, A. S. Maisel, J. Narula, D. J. Sahn, et al.
Highlights of the Year in JACC 2006
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 30, 2007; 49(4): 509 - 527.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Am Coll CardiolHome page
J. R. Nebeker, R. Virmani, C. L. Bennett, and M. D. Feldman
Reply
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 1, 2006; 48(3): 593 - 594.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Am Coll CardiolHome page
N. G. Kounis, G. N. Kounis, S. N. Kouni, G. D. Soufras, C. Niarchos, and A. Mazarakis
Allergic Reactions Following Implantation of Drug-Eluting Stents: A Manifestation of Kounis Syndrome?
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 1, 2006; 48(3): 592 - 593.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Am Coll CardiolHome page
A. Colombo and S. J. Corbett
Drug-Eluting Stent Thrombosis: Increasingly Recognized But Too Frequently Overemphasized
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 4, 2006; 48(1): 203 - 205.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Am Coll CardiolHome page
S. Tsimikas
Drug-Eluting Stents and Late Adverse Clinical Outcomes: Lessons Learned, Lessons Awaited
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 16, 2006; 47(10): 2112 - 2115.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 NEJMHome page
M. E. Silverman, N. G. Kounis, G. N. Kounis, S. N. Kouni, D. P. Taggart, P. W. Serruys, and A. T.L. Ong
Coronary-artery stents.
N. Engl. J. Med., May 11, 2006; 354(19): 2076 - 2078.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 CirculationHome page
A. R. Lucas, R. Korol, and C. J. Pepine
Inflammation in Atherosclerosis: Some Thoughts About Acute Coronary Syndromes
Circulation, May 2, 2006; 113(17): e728 - e732.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Journal Watch CardiologyHome page
Hypersensitivity Reactions Linked to Drug-Eluting Stents
Journal Watch Cardiology, February 9, 2006; 2006(209): 4 - 4.
[Full Text]

Home page
 J Am Coll CardiolHome page
B. Azarbal and J. W. Currier
Allergic Reactions After the Implantation of Drug-Eluting Stents: Is it the Pill or the Polymer?
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 3, 2006; 47(1): 182 - 183.
[Full Text] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Figures Only
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow All Versions of this Article:
j.jacc.2005.07.071v1
47/1/175    most recent
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Related articles in JACC
Right arrow Simil