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J Am Coll Cardiol, 2005; 46:838-844, doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.05.057 (Published online 24 August 2005).
© 2005 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation
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CLINICAL RESEARCH: HEART FAILURE

Impact of Atrial Fibrillation on the Diagnostic Performance of B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Concentration in Dyspneic Patients

An Analysis From the Breathing Not Properly Multinational Study

Cathrine Wold Knudsen, MD*, Torbjørn Omland, MD, PhD, MPH{dagger},*, Paul Clopton, MSc{ddagger}, Arne Westheim, MD, PhD*, Alan H.B. Wu, PhD§, Philippe Duc, MD||, James McCord, MD, Richard M. Nowak, MD, MBA, Judd E. Hollander, MD#, Alan B. Storrow, MD**, William T. Abraham, MD, FACC{dagger}{dagger}, Peter A. McCullough, MD{ddagger}{ddagger} and Alan Maisel, MD, FACC{ddagger}

* Ullevål University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
{dagger} Akershus University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
{ddagger} University of California, San Diego, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, California
§ University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California
|| Hopital Bichat, Paris, France
Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
# University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
** University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
{dagger}{dagger} University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
{ddagger}{ddagger} William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan

Manuscript received March 1, 2005; revised manuscript received May 6, 2005, accepted May 9, 2005.

* Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Torbjørn Omland, Department of Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, University of Oslo, N-1474 Nordbyhagen, Norway (Email: torbjorn.omland{at}medisin.uio.no).


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to assess the diagnostic performance of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) in the diagnosis of acute congestive heart failure (CHF) in patients with permanent/paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) presenting with acute dyspnea.

BACKGROUND: It is unknown to what extent AF affects the diagnostic performance of BNP in patients presenting with acute dyspnea.

METHODS: We studied 1,431 patients drawn from a cohort of patients (n = 1,586) with acute dyspnea who had BNP levels measured on arrival. Patients were prospectively classified according to the presence or absence of permanent/paroxysmal AF.

RESULTS: In total, 292 patients had permanent/paroxysmal AF. In patients without HF, permanent/paroxysmal AF was associated with significantly higher BNP levels (p = 0.001). Conversely, in patients with HF, BNP levels did not differ significantly between patients with and without AF (p = 0.533). A BNP cutoff value of 100 pg/ml had a specificity of 40% and 79% for the diagnosis of acute HF in patients with and without AF, respectively. The areas under the receiver-operating characteristic curves were 0.84 (95% confidence interval 0.78 to 0.89) and 0.91 (95% confidence interval 0.89 to 0.93) for patients with and without AF, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS: In patients without, but not in those with HF, the presence of AF is associated with higher circulating BNP levels, suggesting that a higher diagnostic threshold should be used in patients with AF.

Abbreviations and Acronyms
  AF = atrial fibrillation
  BNP = B-type natriuretic peptide
  CHF = congestive heart failure
  ECG = electrocardiogram/electrocardiographic
  ED = emergency department
  HF = heart failure
  ROC = receiver-operating characteristic

B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a peptide hormone derived from atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes (1–4). Circulating levels of BNP are increased in conditions characterized by volume overload, including cardiac (3–8) and renal failure (9,10). The BNP levels are also increased in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) (11), even after controlling for demographic and clinical variables (12). The BNP levels appear to decrease after successful cardioversion to sinus rhythm (13–15).

Currently, the principal clinical indication for BNP measurement is to diagnose heart failure (HF) in patients presenting with acute dyspnea. Using a commercially available, automated point-of-care device and a single prespecified cutoff of 100 pg/ml, we recently documented that measurement of BNP on admission provides valuable diagnostic information in this patient group (16), complementary and superior to clinical evaluation (17). Atrial fibrillation is not uncommon in patients presenting with acute dyspnea, but it is not known whether permanent/paroxysmal AF significantly affects circulating levels of BNP in dyspneic patients with and without HF. Moreover, it is unknown whether permanent/paroxysmal AF affects the diagnostic performance of BNP in this setting and whether the conventional cutoff of 100 pg/ml provides optimal discrimination in patients with AF. To address these issues, we compared circulating levels and diagnostic performance of BNP in patients with and without AF in the Breathing Not Properly cohort.


   Methods
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 Abstract
 Methods
Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Patients.   The Breathing Not Properly Multinational Study recruited patients from seven centers (5 U.S. and 2 European teaching hospitals) from June 1999 to December 2000. In all, 1,586 patients were included. The inclusion criterion was a main complaint of dyspnea, and both patients with acute dyspnea of sudden onset and with worsening of chronic dyspnea were included. Patients with renal failure (calculated creatinine clearance <15 ml/min and those receiving dialysis therapy), acute myocardial infarction, age below 18 years, those who were unable to give informed consent, and patients whose dyspnea was clearly due to reasons other than acute HF (i.e., penetrating lung injury) were excluded from the study. The study design details and main results of the Breathing Not Properly Multinational Study have been published elsewhere (16). To determine the influence of the presence of permanent/paroxysmal AF on the diagnostic precision of BNP in the diagnosis of acute HF, this study encompasses patients in whom we had complete data with regard to the presence or absence of AF (n = 1,431). Patients were classified according to permanent/paroxysmal AF and those without AF. The permanent/paroxysmal AF group of patients consists of the following patient subgroups: 1) patients with a medical history of AF and AF on the electrocardiogram (ECG) on admission (defined as permanent AF); 2) patients with a medical history of AF, but sinus rhythm on the ECG on admission (defined as paroxysmal AF); and 3) patients without a medical history of AF, but AF on the ECG on admission (defined as paroxysmal AF). The study conforms to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, and the study protocol was approved by the institutional review boards of all participating hospitals. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.

Data collection.   Research personnel in the emergency department (ED) collected baseline demographics, medical history, current clinical status, and blood test results for each patient. Electrocardiograms were interpreted by the attending ED physician and the following variables were recorded: signs of previous myocardial infarction, ST-segment deviation, left and right bundle branch block, and AF and QRS complex duration. The chest radiographs were evaluated by certified radiologists. Medical history, clinical findings, blood test results (except for BNP), ECG findings, and chest radiograph results were reported in a case report form completed by trained research personnel in collaboration with the attending physicians. It was the responsibility of the attending physicians to ensure that the case report form was in agreement with the clinical record. The attending ED physicians were, in general, certified cardiologists or senior staff emergency medicine physicians. The ED physician and radiologist were blind to the BNP level.

Blood sampling.   As soon as possible following admission, 5 ml of blood from each patient was collected into ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tubes and the BNP concentration was measured using the Triage BNP test (Biosite Diagnostics Inc., San Diego, California). Precision, analytical sensitivity, and stability characteristics of the system have been described previously (18,19). The BNP tests were run in triplicate, and final results were reported as the mean of the three samples.

Reference standard definition for the diagnosis of HF.   Approximately 30 days after the ED visit, two cardiologists at each study center reviewed the case report form from the ED; ECG; chest radiograph; echocardiogram (if performed); and all other clinical tests, consultations, and chart information for each patient, except for the BNP value. On the basis of this information, the two cardiologists categorized all patients in one of the following categories: 1) dyspnea due to acute HF; 2) known chronic HF, but current dyspnea due to other reason; and 3) dyspnea due to a reason other than acute HF. For further statistical analyses, the latter two groups were pooled.

Statistical analysis.   SPSS for Windows version 11.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois) was used for all statistical analyses. Baseline characteristics are reported in percent or median and interquartile range. Univariate comparisons were made with chi-square tests for categorical variables and with Mann-Whitney U tests for continuous variables. A two-sided p value <0.05 was considered significant.

For the evaluation of diagnostic precision of BNP in patients with and without AF, patients were divided into two groups: patients with permanent/paroxysmal AF and patients without AF. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive and negative predictive values, and positive and negative likelihood ratios for the detection of acute HF were calculated for BNP in both groups by use of different cutoff values (50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, and 800 pg/ml). Accuracy is the degree to which the diagnostic decision agrees the true value of the diagnosis—in this case, the proportion of correct diagnoses (true positives + true negatives)/(true positives + false positives + true negatives + false negatives). As with all diagnostic statistics, this assumes the adjudicated diagnosis is correct. Accuracy changes with prevalence unless sensitivity and specificity are equal. Median BNP value and interquartile range were calculated in patients with permanent/paroxysmal AF with and without acute HF and in patients without AF with and without acute HF. The independent diagnostic value of permanent/paroxysmal AF in patients without a final diagnosis of HF with regard to an elevated BNP level (≥100 pg/ml) was assessed in a multivariate logistic model for all variables that proved to be significant by univariate analysis in patients with and without a final diagnosis of HF. The following dichotomous variables were evaluated in the multivariate model: medical history of CHF, myocardial infarction and hypertension, clinical signs of jugular vein distension, orthopnea, lower extremity edema and rales, use of digoxin and diuretics, QRS duration on the ECG, and estimated creatinine clearance.

To obtain an index of overall diagnostic performance of BNP in patients with and without AF, receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated and the area under the curve calculated. On the basis of the ROC curves, optimal diagnostic cutoff values for the diagnosis of acute HF were obtained in patients both with and without AF.


   Results
Top
 Abstract
 Methods
 Results
Discussion
 References
 
The current analysis includes 1,431 patients who all presented with a main complaint of dyspnea. Table 1 summarizes the characteristics of the total number of patients, subdivided according to the presence or absence of AF. Of the 292 patients with permanent/paroxysmal AF, 256 patients had a medical history of AF. Of this population, 122 patients presented with ECG-documented AF in the ED. Thirty-six patients who had no previous history of AF presented with AF on the ECG at the current admission. The patients with permanent/paroxysmal AF were significantly older than patients without AF (p < 0.0001) and they were more likely to have a medical history of CHF, myocardial infarction (p < 0.0001 for both), and diabetes (p = 0.039). Jugular vein distension, lower extremity edema, and rales (p < 0.0001 for all) were significantly more common among patients with permanent/paroxysmal AF, as well as use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (p < 0.0001), beta-blockers (p = 0.042), calcium-channel blockers, digoxin, other antiarrhythmics, and diuretics (p < 0.0001 for all). A final diagnosis of acute HF was significantly more common in the AF group of patients than in the group of patients without AF (p < 0.0001).


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  		Table 1. Patient Characteristics
 
Circulating BNP levels were significantly higher in patients with permanent/paroxysmal AF compared to those without AF: 421 (interquartile range 168 to 911) pg/ml versus 82 (interquartile range 18 to 506) pg/ml (p < 0.0001). Circulating BNP levels in patients with/without AF and with/without a final diagnosis of acute HF are depicted in Figure 1. In patients without HF, the BNP values in patients with permanent/paroxysmal AF were significantly higher than in those without AF (p < 0.0001). Conversely, in patients with HF, the BNP values did not differ significantly between patients with or without AF (p = 0.811). In patients without a final diagnosis of HF, AF (odds ratio 3.2, 95% confidence interval 1.3 to 8.1) remained an independent predictor of elevated BNP levels (>100 pg/ml) after adjustment for medical history of CHF, myocardial infarction and hypertension, clinical signs of jugular vein distension, orthopnea, lower extremity edema and rales, use of digoxin and diuretics, QRS duration on the ECG, and estimated creatinine clearance. Characteristics of patients with permanent/paroxysmal AF subdivided according to a final diagnosis of acute HF are summarized in Table 2. Patients with a final diagnosis of acute HF were more likely to have a medical history of CHF, myocardial infarction and hypertension, clinical signs compatible with HF, medication with digoxin and diuretics, and decreased creatinine clearance than patients without a final diagnosis of CHF. Median BNP value was 569 (interquartile range 290 to 1,031) and 119 (interquartile range 69 to 244) in patients with and without HF, respectively.



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  		Figure 1 B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels in patients with and without atrial fibrillation and with and without a final diagnosis of acute heart failure. In patients without heart failure, BNP levels were significantly higher in patients with atrial fibrillation than in those without (p < 0.001). In patients with heart failure, BNP levels were not significantly different between patients with and without atrial fibrillation. B-type natriuretic peptide levels are plotted on a log scale. The boxes represent the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles, and the whiskers indicate the 10th and 90th percentiles.

 

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  		Table 2. Patient Characteristics in Patients With Permanent/Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation Subdivided According to a Final Diagnosis of Acute Congestive Heart Failure or Not
 
Diagnostic performance for different cutoff values for BNP in the diagnosis of acute HF subdivided according to the presence or absence of AF are presented in Table 3. In patients with permanent/paroxysmal AF, a BNP cutoff value of 100 pg/ml had a specificity of only 40%, whereas the sensitivity was 95%. Not surprisingly, specificity increased and sensitivity decreased with increasing BNP cutoff values in both patient groups. The highest accuracy in both groups of patients was achieved at a BNP cutoff value of 200 pg/ml: 82.2 for patients with permanent/paroxysmal AF and 84.5 for patients without AF. To assess the total diagnostic performance of BNP for diagnosing acute HF, ROC analyses (Fig. 2) revealed an area under the curve of 0.84 (interquartile range 0.78 to 0.89) and 0.91 (interquartile range 0.89 to 0.93) for patients with permanent/paroxysmal AF and patients without AF, respectively. There was no significant difference in ROC area under the curve for patients with current (n = 158: 0.80 [95% confidence interval 0.69 to 0.90]) versus those with a history of but no current AF (n = 134: 0.86 [95% confidence interval 0.80 to 0.93]). Neither was there any significant difference in the BNP value between patients with current versus those with a history of but no current AF (377.8 [interquartile range 113.7 to 912.3] vs. 465.3 [interquartile range 199.5 to 910.1], p = 0.189) (Fig. 3).


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  		Table 3. Diagnostic Performance of Different BNP Cutoff Values in the Diagnosis of Acute Heart Failure
 


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  		Figure 2 Receiver-operating characteristic curve for various cutoff levels of B-type natriuretic peptide in differentiating between dyspnea due to acute heart failure and dyspnea due to other causes in patients with and without atrial fibrillation. The area under the curve was 0.84 (95% confidence interval 0.78 to 0.89) and 0.91 (95% confidence interval 0.89 to 0.93) for those with and without atrial fibrillation, respectively.

 


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  		Figure 3 B-type natriuretic peptide levels in patients with atrial fibrillation on the electrocardiogram (ECG) on admission (n = 158), and in patients with a medical history of atrial fibrillation but sinus rhythm on the ECG on admission (n = 134) (p = 0.189). B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels are plotted on a log scale. The boxes represent the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles, and the whiskers indicate the 10th and 90th percentiles.

 

   Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 Methods
 Results
 Discussion
References
 
Our study demonstrates that in dyspneic patients without HF, permanent/paroxysmal AF is associated with increased circulating BNP levels. This pattern was not evident in patients with a final diagnosis of HF. Although the overall diagnostic performance of BNP for HF tended to be lower in patients with AF than in those without, BNP performed well in both groups. Our data also demonstrate that the conventional cutoff value of 100 pg/ml was associated with a markedly lower specificity and positive likelihood ratio in patients with AF than in those without, suggesting that a higher diagnostic threshold should be used to diagnose HF in patients with AF.

The most widely accepted indication for BNP measurement in clinical practice is for the emergency diagnosis of HF in patients presenting with acute dyspnea. The first study suggesting that BNP measurement could prove useful in this setting was published 10 years ago (20). However, clinical use of this test was limited until the publication of the Breathing Not Properly Multinational Study, a multicenter diagnostic test evaluation study that included 1,586 acutely dyspneic patients, which documented that measurement of BNP on admission provides valuable diagnostic information in this patient group (16,17) complementary and superior to clinical evaluation. However, even in the absence of left-sided HF, a number of other factors, including advanced patient age and female gender (21–23); decreased body mass index (24–26); decreased renal function (9,27); left ventricular hypertrophy (28); history of myocardial infarction and ongoing cardiac ischemia (29–33), pulmonary embolism (34); chronic right ventricular failure (35); and cardiac arrhythmias, including AF (12,36); have previously been associated with elevated BNP levels. There have been concerns that the presence of one or more of these factors could obscure the association between BNP and HF, thereby reducing diagnostic performance.

Our findings show that AF is associated with increased BNP levels in patients without HF, but this pattern was not observed in dyspneic patients with HF, probably because ventricular dysfunction is associated with greater BNP release than is AF. Whereas the ventricular myocardium is believed to be the major source of circulating BNP in HF, the cardiac atria, containing much less muscle mass than the left ventricle, may be the predominant source of BNP in AF. Accordingly, increased pro-BNP messenger ribonucleic acid expression in right atrial appendages has been documented in patients with persistent AF (37). Moreover, selective catheterization of the coronary sinus and the anterior interventricular vein in patients with lone fibrillation has suggested that BNP is produced in the atrium in AF (38). Even in patients without AF, BNP levels appear to be higher in atrial tissue than ventricular tissue on a gram per wet weight basis (3).

The diagnostic performance of BNP tended to be lower in patients with AF than in those without. This can probably be ascribed to the higher levels of BNP in patients with AF and no HF than in those without AF and no HF. The difference was modest and the overall diagnostic performance, as assessed by ROC analyses, was not markedly different between patients with and without AF. Looking at the effect of different specific thresholds, however, it seemed that a cutoff of 200 pg/ml resulted in a marked improvement in specificity and positive likelihood ratio compared with the conventional cutoff of 100 pg/ml, with little loss of sensitivity in patients with AF. Accordingly, ROC analysis suggested that 262 pg/ml represented the optimal tradeoff between sensitivity and specificity in patients with AF (optimal defined here as closest to the upper left corner), which was higher than for patients without AF (162 pg/ml). Clinicians are therefore probably best advised to interpret mildly elevated BNP tests with caution, and additional, more specific investigations may be required.

Study limitations.   The interpretation of permanent/paroxysmal AF was based on previous medical records or information from the patient, and misclassifications possibly exist. These might have led to an underestimation of the presence of permanent/paroxysmal AF. The fact that there was no objective "gold standard" for the diagnosis of acute HF is another important limitation.

Conclusions.   We have found that in patients without, but not in those with HF, the presence of AF was associated with higher circulating BNP levels, suggesting that a higher diagnostic threshold should be used in patients with AF. Moreover, the total diagnostic performance of BNP in the diagnosis of acute HF was somewhat lower for patients with AF compared to those without, but BNP still performed well in both groups.


   Footnotes
 
Triage BNP devices and meters and some financial support were provided by Biosite, Inc., San Diego, California. Drs. Omland, Clopton, Wu, Duc, McCord, Nowak, Hollander, Abraham, McCullough, and Maisel have received honoraria from the manufacturer of the BNP assay used in the study. Dr. Marc Silver served as Guest Editor for this article.


   References
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 Abstract
 Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 

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Impact of Renal Disease on Natriuretic Peptide Testing for Diagnosing Decompensated Heart Failure and Predicting Mortality
Clin. Chem., August 1, 2007; 53(8): 1511 - 1519.
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R. J. Shelton, A. L. Clark, K. Goode, A. S. Rigby, and J. G.F. Cleland
The diagnostic utility of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide for the detection of major structural heart disease in patients with atrial fibrillation
Eur. Heart J., October 1, 2006; 27(19): 2353 - 2361.
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J. P. Goetze, L. Friis-Hansen, J. F. Rehfeld, B. Nilsson, and J. H. Svendsen
Atrial secretion of B-type natriuretic peptide
Eur. Heart J., July 2, 2006; 27(14): 1648 - 1650.
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ADDITIONAL ARTICLES ABSTRACTED IN ACP JOURNAL CLUB
Evid. Based Med., April 1, 2006; 11(2): 62 - 62.
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