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Figure 4 Effects of intramyocardial plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) enzyme injection on myocardial neovascularization, cardiomyocyte (CM) apoptosis, and functional recovery after acute myocardial infarction. (a) E2 injection induced significantly greater neovascularization at the peri-infarct region (PIR) 2 weeks later in comparison to E0 (p < 0.01, n = 6 to 10). Capillaries are characterized as small lumen vessels lacking smooth muscle layers and positively staining for CD31. (b) E2 injection at the time of left anterior descending coronary artery ligation resulted in 70% reduction in CM apoptosis at the PIR 2 weeks later compared with infarct controls (p < 0.01, n = 6 to 10), as determined by concomitantly TUNEL staining (blue) and troponin I staining (brown). This was not observed with E0 injection. (c) E2 injection induced significantly greater improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction 2 weeks later in comparison to E0 (p < 0.01, n = 6 to 10), as measured by echocardiographic studies.
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