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Figure 1 The optimization of the atrioventricular (AV) delay. We defined the optimal AV delay as the time when the end of the atrial filling wave (A) on the transmitral flow coincided with the onset of the first heart sound (S1), using simultaneous heart sound monitoring. Dotted line indicates the onset of the first heart sound. E = the early filling wave; S2 = the second heart sound.
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