CLINICAL RESEARCH: TREATMENT OF HYPERLIPIDEMIA
Additive Beneficial Effects of Fenofibrate Combined With Atorvastatin in the Treatment of Combined Hyperlipidemia
Kwang Kon Koh, MD, FACC*,*,
Michael J. Quon, MD, PhD ,
Seung Hwan Han, MD*,
Wook-Jin Chung, MD*,
Jeong Yeal Ahn, MD ,
Yiel-Hea Seo, MD,
In Suck Choi, MD* and
Eak Kyun Shin, MD*
* Department of Cardiology, Gachon Medical School, Incheon, Korea
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gachon Medical School, Incheon, Korea
Diabetes Unit, National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
Manuscript received November 17, 2004;
revised manuscript received January 17, 2005,
accepted February 8, 2005.
* Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Kwang Kon Koh, Director, Vascular Medicine and Atherosclerosis Unit, Gil Heart Center, Gachon Medical School, 1198 Kuwol-dong, Namdong-gu, Incheon, Korea 405-760. (Email: kwangk{at}ghil.com).
 |
Abstract
|
|---|
OBJECTIVES: We compared vascular and metabolic responses (and adverse responses) to statin and fibrate therapies alone or in combination in patients with combined hyperlipidemia.
BACKGROUND: The mechanisms of action for statins and fibrates are distinct.
METHODS: Fifty-six patients were given atorvastatin 10 mg and placebo, atorvastatin 10 mg and fenofibrate 200 mg, or fenofibrate 200 mg and placebo daily during each two-month treatment period of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial with two washout periods of two months’ each.
RESULTS: Lipoproteins were changed to a greater extent with combined therapy when compared with atorvastatin or fenofibrate alone. Flow-mediated dilator response to hyperemia and plasma high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and fibrinogen levels were changed to a greater extent with combined therapy when compared with atorvastatin or fenofibrate alone (p < 0.001, p = 0.182, and p = 0.015 by analysis of variance [ANOVA], respectively). The effects of combined therapy or fenofibrate alone on plasma adiponectin levels and insulin sensitivity (determined by the Quantitative Insulin-Sensitivity Check Index [QUICKI]) were significantly greater than those of atorvastatin alone (p = 0.022 for adiponectin and p = 0.049 for QUICKI by ANOVA). No patients were withdrawn from the study as the result of serious adverse effects.
CONCLUSIONS: Combination therapy is safe and has beneficial additive effects on endothelial function in patients with combined hyperlipidemia.
|
Abbreviations and Acronyms
| | ANOVA = analysis of variance | | FMD = flow-mediated dilation | | HDL = high-density lipoprotein | | LDL = low-density lipoprotein | | QUICKI = Quantitative Insulin-Sensitivity Check Index |
|
High serum cholesterol and elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol are important risk factors for coronary heart disease. Many patients on statin therapy have initial or recurrent coronary heart disease events despite reductions in LDL cholesterol (1). Interestingly, fibrate therapy, which significantly decreases triglycerides and increases high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol without reducing LDL cholesterol, is associated with significant decreases in coronary events (2). Moreover, combined therapy with statins and fibrates is more effective in controlling atherogenic dyslipidemia in patients with combined hyperlipidemia than the administration of either drug alone (3). Of concern is the fact that the combination of statins and fibrates is more likely to be accompanied by severe myopathy (4). This limitation is not observed with fenofibrate, and no significant side effects have been reported with combined statin and fenofibrate treatment (3–5).
Coronary heart disease frequently is associated with insulin resistance and metabolic disorders, such as obesity and combined hyperlipidemia. Endothelial dysfunction associated with cardiovascular diseases may contribute to insulin resistance (6). The effects of statins on insulin resistance are controversial (7,8). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha activators improve insulin sensitivity in rodents (9). The impact of atovastatin and fenofibrate therapies on endothelial homeostasis and insulin resistance may differ because the mechanisms underlying the biological actions of these drugs are distinct. Therefore, we investigated whether combined therapy has additive beneficial effects greater than atovastatin or fenofibrate alone in patients with combined hyperlipidemia.
|
Methods
|
|---|
Study population and design.
Fifty-six patients with combined hyperlipidemia (total cholesterol  200 mg/dl and triglycerides ranging from 200 mg/dl to 800 mg/dl) participated in this study. We excluded patients with overt liver disease, chronic renal failure, hypothyroidism, myopathy, uncontrolled diabetes, severe hypertension, stroke, acute coronary events, coronary revascularization within the preceding three months, or evidence of alcohol abuse. Clinical characteristics of the study patients are summarized in Table 1. We administered atorvastatin 10 mg and placebo, atorvastatin 10 mg and fenofibrate 200 mg, or fenofibrate 200 mg and placebo daily during two months in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial with three treatment arms (each two months in duration) and two washout periods (each two months in duration). Patients were observed at 14-day intervals (or more frequently) during the study. To avoid side effects, we measured serum asparate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatine kinase, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine before and after therapy. Calcium channel or beta adrenergic blockers were withheld for 48 h before the study. The study was approved by the Gil Hospital Institute Review Board, and all participants gave written, informed consent.
Laboratory assays.
Blood samples were obtained at 8:00 AM after an overnight fast before and after each two-month treatment period. Samples were immediately coded so that investigators performing laboratory assays were blinded to subject identity or study sequence. Assays for lipids, glucose, and plasma adiponectin were performed in duplicate by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (R & D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota), assays for high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels by latex agglutination (CRP-Latex(II), Denka-Seiken, Japan), and assays for plasma insulin levels by immunoradiometric assay (INSULIN-RIABEAD II, Abbott Japan, Japan) as described previously (10,11). The Quantitative Insulin-Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI), a surrogate index of insulin sensitivity, was calculated as follows: QUICKI = 1/[log(insulin) + log(glucose)] (12).
Vascular studies.
Imaging studies of the right brachial artery were performed using an ATL HDI 3000 ultrasound machine (Bothell, Washington) equipped with a 10-MHz linear-array transducer, on the basis of a published technique (10,11).
Statistical analysis.
Data are expressed as mean ± SEM or median (range, 25% to 75%). After testing data for normality, we used the Student paired t or Wilcoxon signed rank test to compare values before and after each treatment (Tables 2 and 3). The effects of the three therapies were analyzed by one-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Friedman’s repeated ANOVA on ranks by comparing the relative changes in values in response to treatment. Post hoc comparisons between treatment pairs were made with the Student-Newman-Keuls multiple comparison procedure. Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficient analysis was used to assess associations between measured parameters. Comparisons between endothelium-dependent dilation among the three treatment schemes were prospectively designated as the primary study end point. All other comparisons were considered secondary. A value of p < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
|
Table 2. Effects of Atorvastatin, Combined Therapy, and Fenofibrate on Lipid Levels and Endothelial Function in Patients With Combined Hyperlipidemia
|
|
|
Results
|
|---|
No significant differences among baseline values before each treatment period or carryover effects were noted (Tables 2 and 3).
Effects on lipids.
Fenofibrate alone or combined therapy significantly lowered triglycerides and increased HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I levels when compared with atorvastatin alone (Fig. 1, Table 2).
View larger version (41K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
|
Figure 1 Fenofibrate alone or combined therapy significantly lowered triglycerides and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels when compared with atorvastatin alone. ANOVA = analysis of variance.
|
|
Effects on vasomotor function.
Atorvastatin, combined therapy, or fenofibrate significantly improved the percent flow-mediated dilator response to hyperemia relative to baseline measurements by 46 ± 9%, 81 ± 12%, and 45 ± 5%, respectively (all p < 0.001). Of note, combined therapy significantly improved this response more than atorvastatin or fenofibrate alone (p < 0.001 by ANOVA) (Fig. 2, Table 2). Brachial artery dilator response to nitroglycerin was not significantly changed from respective baseline values. After combined therapy, improvement in flow-mediated dilation (FMD) correlated with changes in total cholesterol (r = –0.373 and p = 0.005), triglycerides (r = –0.288 and p = 0.032), and apolipoprotein B levels (r = –0.341, p = 0.010).
View larger version (51K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
|
Figure 2 Percent change in flow-mediated dilation from respective pretreatment values after treatment with atorvastatin alone, combined therapy, and fenofibrate alone. ANOVA = analysis of variance.
|
|
Effects on acute-phase reactants.
Atorvastatin, combined therapy, or fenofibrate significantly lowered plasma high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels relative to baseline measurements from 1.20 to 0.75 (p = 0.006), 1.20 to 0.60 (p < 0.001), and 0.80 to 0.70 mg/l (p = 0.002), respectively. However, the magnitude of reduction among the three therapies was similar (p = 0.182 by ANOVA). Fenofibrate alone or combined therapy significantly lowered plasma fibrinogen levels relative to baseline measurements (both p < 0.001). Of note, combined therapy significantly reduced this more than atorvastatin alone (p = 0.015 by ANOVA) (Fig. 3, Table 2).
View larger version (47K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
|
Figure 3 Fenofibrate alone or combined therapy significantly lowered plasma fibrinogen levels relative to baseline measurements. Combined therapy significantly reduced levels more than atorvastatin alone. ANOVA = analysis of variance.
|
|
Effects on adiponectin and insulin resistance.
There were significant inverse correlations between baseline adiponectin and baseline triglycerides (r = –0.277, p = 0.039 before atorvastatin; r = –0.335, p = 0.012 before combined therapy; and r = –0.288, p = 0.032 before fenofibrate). There were significant correlations between baseline adiponectin and baseline HDL cholesterol (r = 0.284, p = 0.034 before atorvastatin; r = 0.258, p = 0.049 before combined therapy; and r = 0.353, p = 0.008 before fenofibrate). However, there were no significant correlations between baseline adiponectin and baseline insulin or QUICKI.
Combined therapy or fenofibrate alone significantly increased plasma adiponectin levels relative to baseline measurements from 3.4 to 3.5 (p = 0.001) and 3.2 to 3.6 (p = 0.004), respectively. These increases were significantly greater than those observed with atorvastatin alone (p = 0.022 by ANOVA) (Fig. 4, Table 3). The three therapies did not have significantly different baseline insulin and glucose levels. However, the magnitude of reduction of insulin with combined therapy was significantly greater than with atorvastatin alone (p = 0.012 by ANOVA) (Table 3). Combined therapy or fenofibrate alone significantly increased QUICKI relative to baseline measurements by 7 ± 2% (p = 0.003) and 5 ± 2% (p = 0.043), respectively. These increases with combined therapy were significantly greater than those observed with atorvastatin alone (p = 0.049 by ANOVA) (Fig. 4, Table 3). There were significant correlations between percent changes in adiponectin and percent changes in QUICKI (r = 0.283, p = 0.034) or apolipoprotein A-I (r = 0.351, p = 0.008), and there were significant inverse correlations between percent changes in adiponectin and percent changes in insulin (r = –0.332, p = 0.013) after combined therapy. However, there were no significant correlations between percent changes in adiponectin levels and percent changes in triglycerides (r = 0.085) or HDL cholesterol levels (r = –0.048).
View larger version (29K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
|
Figure 4 Percent change in adiponectin levels (left) and in Quantitative Insulin-Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI) (right) from respective pretreatment values after treatment with atorvastatin alone, combined therapy, and fenofibrate alone. ANOVA = analysis of variance.
|
|
View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
|
Table 3. Effects of Atorvastatin, Combined Therapy, and Fenofibrate on Adiponectin Levels and Insulin Resistance in Patients With Combined Hyperlipidemia
|
|
Safety and adverse effects.
No patients were withdrawn from the study because of serious adverse effects (Table 4). Elevations in liver and muscle enzymes and gastrointestinal upset were mainly transient and resolved spontaneously after patients finished the study.
View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
|
Table 4. Adverse Effects of Atorvastatin, Combined Therapy, and Fenofibrate in Patients With Combined Hyperlipidemia
|
|
|
Discussion
|
|---|
In patients with combined hyperlipidemia, atorvastatin and fenofibrate therapy alone changed the lipoprotein profiles as expected. We reasoned that distinct biological actions of atorvastatin and fenofibrate therapies on lipoproteins, fibrinogen, adiponectin, and insulin sensitivity may improve endothelium-dependent vascular function by different mechanisms. Indeed, although monotherapy with atorvastatin or fenofibrate significantly improved lipid profiles, endothelial function, inflammatory markers, and insulin sensitivity, combined therapy had additional substantial and significant beneficial effects on these parameters over those seen with monotherapy for either drug. The enhanced vascular reactivity we observed with combination therapy may be the result of both changes in lipoprotein profiles as well as other effects, including pleiotropic actions of statins and actions of fenofibrate to increase nitric oxide production (13). Importantly, no patients were withdrawn from our study as the result of serious adverse effects.
Fenofibrate therapy alone resulted in significant elevation of adiponectin levels, decreased insulin levels, and increased insulin sensitivity (assessed by QUICKI). The present study is the first report demonstrating that fenofibrate therapy can increase adiponectin levels. Adiponectin is an adipose-derived factor that augments and mimics metabolic actions of insulin. Moreover, adiponectin can directly stimulate nitric oxide production from endothelium (14). Therefore, increasing adiponectin levels would be predicted to improve both insulin sensitivity and endothelial function by multiple mechanisms. Interestingly, in contrast to effects of combination therapy on FMD, the beneficial effects of fenofibrate therapy on adiponectin levels, insulin levels, and insulin sensitivity did not increase further with combination therapy. Thus, the benefits with respect to insulin resistance are predominantly the result of fibrate therapy rather than statin therapy, which suggests that improving endothelial function per se (as reflected by FMD) may not completely explain effects of fenofibrate or combined therapy to improve insulin sensitivity. However, combined therapy may reduce insulin resistance by multiple mechanisms such as lipoprotein changes and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha activators. Fenofibrate or combined therapy for two months increased adiponectin levels without a change in body weight or body mass index, which raises the possibility that drug therapy is directly altering adiponectin levels independent of adiposity. It is possible that monotherapy with doses of statins higher than those used in our present study may have additional benefits similar to those we observed with our combined fibrate/statin therapy. However, caution is indicated because recent clinical studies suggest high doses of statins may increase the onset of new diabetes (15). In summary, our study suggests that combined atorvastatin/fenofibrate therapy is safe and has beneficial additive effects, supporting the updated National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines (16).
|
Footnotes
|
|---|
This study was partly supported by grant 2002-5 from the Korean Society of Circulation.
|
References
|
|---|
1. Sacks FM, Tonkin AM, Shepherd J, et al. Effect of pravastatin on coronary disease events in subgroups defined by coronary risk factorsthe Prospective Pravastatin Pooling Project. Circulation 2000;102:1893-1900.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
2. Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Collins D, et al. Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial Study Group Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol N Engl J Med 1999;341:410-418.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
3. Vega GL, Ma PT, Cater NB, et al. Effects of adding fenofibrate (200 mg/day) to simvastatin (10 mg/day) in patients with combined hyperlipidemia and metabolic syndrome Am J Cardiol 2003;91:956-960.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
4. Taher TH, Dzavik V, Reteff EM, et al. Tolerability of statin-fibrate and statin-niacin combination therapy in dyslipidemic patients at high risk for cardiovascular events Am J Cardiol 2002;89:390-394.[CrossRef][Medline]
5. Pan WJ, Gustavson LE, Achari R, et al. Lack of a clinically significant pharmacokinetic interaction between fenofibrate and pravastatin in healthy volunteers J Clin Pharmacol 2000;40:316-323.[Abstract]
6. Vincent MA, Montagnani M, Quon MJ. Molecular and physiologic actions of insulin related to production of nitric oxide in vascular endothelium Curr Diab Rep 2003;3:279-288.[Medline]
7. Paolisso G, Barbagallo M, Petrella G, et al. Effects of simvastatin and atorvastatin administration on insulin resistance and respiratory quotient in aged dyslipidemic non-insulin dependent diabetic patients Atherosclerosis 2000;150:121-127.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
8. Ohrvall M, Lithell H, Johansson J, Vessby B. A comparison between the effects of gemfibrozil and simvastatin on insulin sensitivity in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and hyperlipoproteinemia Metabolism 1995;44:212-217.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
9. Guerre-Millo M, Gervois P, Raspe E, et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha activators improve insulin sensitivity and reduce adiposity J Biol Chem 2000;275:16638-16642.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
10. Koh KK, Quon MJ, Han SH, et al. Additive beneficial effects of losartan combined with simvastatin in the treatment of hypercholesterolemic, hypertensive patients Circulation 2004;110:3687-3692.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
11. Koh KK, Ahn JY, Han SH, et al. Vascular effects of fenofibratevasomotion, inflammation, plaque stability, and thrombosis. Atherosclerosis 2004;174:379-383.[Web of Science][Medline]
12. Katz A, Nambi SS, Mather K, et al. Quantitative insulin sensitivity check indexa simple, accurate method for assessing insulin sensitivity in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:2402-2410.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
13. Goya K, Sumitani S, Xu X, et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha agonists increase nitric oxide synthase expression in vascular endothelial cells Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004;24:658-663.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
14. Chen H, Montagnani M, Funahashi T, Shimomura I, Quon MJ. Adiponectin stimulates production of nitric oxide in vascular endothelial cells J Biol Chem 2003;278:45021-45026.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
15. Sabatine MS, Wiviott SD, Morrow DA, et al. TIMI study group High-dose atorvastatin associated with worse glycemic controla PROVE-IT TIMI 22 substudy (abstr). Circulation 2004;110(Suppl: III834).
16. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN, et al. National Heart, Lung, and Blood InstituteAmerican College of Cardiology FoundationAmerican Heart Association Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines Circulation 2004;110:227-239.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
|
|
 
K. K. Koh, P. C. Oh, and M. J. Quon
Does reversal of oxidative stress and inflammation provide vascular protection?
Cardiovasc Res,
March 1, 2009;
81(4):
649 - 659.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. R. Chen, V. C. Besson, T. Beziaud, M. Plotkine, and C. Marchand-Leroux
Combination Therapy with Fenofibrate, a Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {alpha} Agonist, and Simvastatin, a 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A Reductase Inhibitor, on Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.,
September 1, 2008;
326(3):
966 - 974.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. K. Koh, M. J. Quon, S. H. Han, Y. Lee, J. Y. Ahn, S. J. Kim, Y. Koh, and E. K. Shin
Simvastatin Improves Flow-Mediated Dilation but Reduces Adiponectin Levels and Insulin Sensitivity in Hypercholesterolemic Patients
Diabetes Care,
April 1, 2008;
31(4):
776 - 782.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. K. Koh, M. J. Quon, Y. Lee, S. H. Han, J. Y. Ahn, W.-J. Chung, J.-a Kim, and E. K. Shin
Additive beneficial cardiovascular and metabolic effects of combination therapy with ramipril and candesartan in hypertensive patients
Eur. Heart J.,
June 2, 2007;
28(12):
1440 - 1447.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. J Hamilton, G. T Chew, and G. F Watts
Therapeutic regulation of endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research,
June 1, 2007;
4(2):
89 - 102.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Paumelle and B. Staels
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors Mediate Pleiotropic Actions of Statins
Circ. Res.,
May 25, 2007;
100(10):
1394 - 1395.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Wiecek, M. Adamczak, and J. Chudek
Adiponectin--an adipokine with unique metabolic properties
Nephrol. Dial. Transplant.,
April 1, 2007;
22(4):
981 - 988.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Nakano, Y. Inada, H. Masuzaki, T. Tanaka, S. Yasue, T. Ishii, N. Arai, K. Ebihara, K. Hosoda, K. Maruyama, et al.
Bezafibrate regulates the expression and enzyme activity of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in murine adipose tissue and 3T3-L1 adipocytes
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab,
April 1, 2007;
292(4):
E1213 - E1222.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Hiuge, A. Tenenbaum, N. Maeda, M. Benderly, M. Kumada, E. Z. Fisman, D. Tanne, Z. Matas, T. Hibuse, K. Fujita, et al.
Effects of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Ligands, Bezafibrate and Fenofibrate, on Adiponectin Level
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol,
March 1, 2007;
27(3):
635 - 641.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. H. Han, M. J. Quon, J.-a Kim, and K. K. Koh
Adiponectin and Cardiovascular Disease: Response to Therapeutic Interventions
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
February 6, 2007;
49(5):
531 - 538.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C.-H. Kim, P. Pennisi, H. Zhao, S. Yakar, J. B. Kaufman, K. Iganaki, J. Shiloach, P. E. Scherer, M. J. Quon, and D. LeRoith
MKR mice are resistant to the metabolic actions of both insulin and adiponectin: discordance between insulin resistance and adiponectin responsiveness
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab,
August 1, 2006;
291(2):
E298 - E305.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-a Kim, M. Montagnani, K. K. Koh, and M. J. Quon
Reciprocal Relationships Between Insulin Resistance and Endothelial Dysfunction: Molecular and Pathophysiological Mechanisms
Circulation,
April 18, 2006;
113(15):
1888 - 1904.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. K. Koh, M. J. Quon, S. H. Han, W.-J. Chung, J. Y. Ahn, J.-a Kim, Y. Lee, and E. K. Shin
Additive Beneficial Effects of Fenofibrate Combined With Candesartan in the Treatment of Hypertriglyceridemic Hypertensive Patients
Diabetes Care,
February 1, 2006;
29(2):
195 - 201.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Chen, R. J. Karne, G. Hall, U. Campia, J. A. Panza, R. O. Cannon III, Y. Wang, A. Katz, M. Levine, and M. J. Quon
High-dose oral vitamin C partially replenishes vitamin C levels in patients with Type 2 diabetes and low vitamin C levels but does not improve endothelial dysfunction or insulin resistance
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,
January 1, 2006;
290(1):
H137 - H145.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. H. Han, M. J. Quon, and K. K. Koh
Beneficial Vascular and Metabolic Effects of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-{alpha} Activators
Hypertension,
November 1, 2005;
46(5):
1086 - 1092.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
Top
Abstract
Methods