CLINICAL TRIALS
High-dose 7-hexanoyltaxol-eluting stent with polymer sleeves for coronary revascularization
One-year results from the SCORE randomized trial
Eberhard Grube, MD, FACC*,*,
Alexandra Lansky, MD, FACC ,
Karl Eugen Hauptmann, MD ,
Carlo Di Mario, MD, FACC ,
Germano Di Sciascio, MD, FACC||,
Antonio Colombo, MD, FACC¶,
Sigmund Silber, MD, FACC#,
Juergen Stumpf, MD**,
Nicolaus Reifart, MD, FACC,
Jean Fajadet, MD,
Antonio Marzocchi, MD,
Joachim Schofer, MD||||,
Pierre Dumas, MD¶¶,
Rainer Hoffmann, MD##,
Giulio Guagliumi, MD***,
Mark Pitney, MD and
Mary E. Russell, MD, FACC
* Herzzentrum, Siegburg, Germany
Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, New York
Krandkenhaus Barmherzige Brueder, Trier, Germany
San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
|| University Campus Biomedico of Rome, Rome, Italy
¶ Columbus Hospital, Milan, Italy
# Cardiology Clinic, Munich, Germany
** Praxisklinik Kardiologie Angiologie Radiologie, Dresden, Germany
Main-Taunus Heart Institute, Bad Soden, Germany
Clinique Pasteur, Toulouse, France
Universita degli Studi Policlinico S. Orsola Istituto di Cardiologia, Bologna, Italy
|||| Center for Cardiology and Vascular Intervention, Hamburg, Germany
¶¶ Clinique du boise de Verriers, Antony, France
## Universitatsklinikum der RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
*** Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti di Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
Prince of Wales Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
Boston Scientific Corporation, Natick, Massachusetts
Manuscript received March 8, 2004;
revised manuscript received April 8, 2004,
accepted June 14, 2004.
* Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Eberhard Grube, Herzzentrum, Ringstrasse 49, D-53721 Siegburg, Germany (Email: GrubeE{at}aol.com).
 |
Abstract
|
|---|
OBJECTIVES: The Study to COmpare REstenosis Rate between QueST and QuaDDS-QP2 (SCORE) trial was a multicenter, randomized, open-label trial comparing the safety and performance of 13- and 17-mm QuaDDS stents (n = 126) (Quanam Medical Corp., Santa Clara, California/Boston Scientific Corp., Natick, Massachusetts) versus uncoated control stents (n = 140) in focal, de novo coronary lesions.
BACKGROUND: The pioneering drug-delivery QuaDDS stent used four to six acrylate polymer sleeves, each loaded with 800 µg of the paclitaxel derivative 7-hexanoyltaxol.
METHODS: Clinical end points were assessed at 1, 6, and 12 months post procedure. Quantitative coronary angiography and intravascular ultrasound were performed post procedure and at six-month follow-up.
RESULTS: In the QuaDDS group, early stent thrombosis and myocardial infarction (MI) rates were significantly higher, leading to premature cessation of enrollment. For the QuaDDS group, the stent thrombosis rate increased from 3.2% to 10.3% between 1 and 12 months, associated with increased non–Q-wave MI and death rates. The angiographic restenosis rate at six months was reduced from 32.7% (control) to 7.4% (p < 0.0001). However, the primary end point was not met with six-month target vessel revascularization (TVR) rate as well as the composite major adverse cardiac event rates (cardiac death, MI, and TVR) comparable between groups.
CONCLUSIONS: Despite angiographic indications of potential anti-restenotic benefit, increased rates of stent thrombosis, MI, and cardiac death associated with the QuaDDS stent show an unacceptable safety profile.
|
Abbreviations and Acronyms
| | IVUS = intravascular ultrasound | | MACE = major adverse cardiac event | | MI = myocardial infarction | | QCA = quantitative coronary angiography | | TLR = target lesion revascularization | | TVR = target vessel revascularization |
|
The use of bare metal coronary stents after balloon angioplasty has decreased, but not eliminated, restenosis and the subsequent need for repeat revascularization procedures (1). For this reason, drug-eluting stents that provide antiproliferative drugs to the stented vessel wall have been designed and studied for reducing in-stent restenosis.
The pioneering QuaDDS stent (Quanam Medical Corp., Santa Clara, California/Boston Scientific Corp., Natick, Massachusetts) was designed to control neointimal proliferation through prolonged high-dose delivery of the paclitaxel derivative 7-hexanoyltaxol (QP2) via acrylate polymer membranes mounted on a novel stent design (QueST).This technology differs markedly from subsequent paclitaxel-eluting stents that use drug or drug-polymer coatings to deliver low-dose paclitaxel to inhibit restenosis (2–5).
We report final one-year outcomes from the Study to COmpare REstenosis Rate between QueST and QuaDDS-QP2 (SCORE) trial.
|
Methods
|
|---|
Study design.
The open-label, randomized, multicenter SCORE trial compared safety and performance of the QuaDDS stent versus the QueST, or other, bare metal stents in focal, de novo coronary lesions. Ethics Review Committees of participating institutions approved the protocol, and patients provided written informed consent before enrollment.
Enrollment, planned for 400 patients in 19 international sites, began in February 2000. In April 2001, enrollment was terminated prematurely (266 patients, 15 sites, 4 countries) because of unexpectedly high rates of adverse cardiac events (stent thrombosis cardiac death, and myocardial infarction [MI]).
Patient selection.
Eligible patients (51 to 79 years of age) had documented de novo lesions in native coronary arteries, objective evidence of ischemia (stable/unstable angina, positive functional study), and clinical, hemodynamic, and angiographic indications for percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Key angiographic inclusion criteria were lesion length suitable for a single 13- or 17-mm stent with stenosis >50% and location in a native coronary vessel  3.0 mm and  3.5 mm in diameter.
Key exclusion criteria included excessive tortuosity, involvement of side branch >2.0 mm in diameter, moderate or severe calcification of the target lesion or adjacent vessel, acute MI <1 week before the procedure, stroke or transient ischemic attack <6 months before the procedure, and allergy or contraindication to aspirin, clopidogrel, ticlopidine, heparin, or stainless steel.
End points.
Clinical end points included stent thrombosis rate and major adverse cardiac event (MACE), defined as cardiac death, Q-wave and non–Q-wave MI, and revascularization of the target lesion (coronary artery bypass graft or percutaneous coronary intervention). An independent Clinical Events Committee adjudicated MACE. The primary end point six months post procedure was the target vessel revascularization (TVR) rate; secondary end points were MACE, quantitative coronary angiography (QCA), and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) assessments of restenosis. Successful reduction was predefined as a restenosis rate <20%.
Device.
Control devices included commercially available uncoated stents and balloon-expandable (13- or 17-mm long; 3.0- or 3.5-mm diameter) QueST stents made of 316L surgical-grade stainless steel in a slotted tube design and mounted on an over-the-wire balloon catheter delivery system. The test stent (QuaDDS) was the QueST stent mounted with polymer sleeves with 800 µg 7-hexanoyltaxol each (Fig. 1). The 13-mm stent contained 4 sleeves (3.2 mg); the 17-mm had 5 sleeves (4.0 mg).
Procedures.
Patients, randomized to QuaDDS or control stents, received a loading dose of ticlopidine (500 mg) or clopidogrel (150 to 300 mg) 24 h before the procedure and heparin to maintain an active clotting time of 250 s. Post procedure, the protocol mandated aspirin (100 mg daily) indefinitely. Ticlopidine (250 mg twice a day) or clopidogrel (75 mg every day)treatment, initially mandated for either one month (control) or six months (QuaDDS), was amended to one year for the QuaDDS stent.
Follow-up.
Clinical follow-up was conducted at 1, 6, and 12 months post procedure. Coronary angiography was performed before and immediately after the index procedure and at six-month follow-up or when a patient presented with cardiac symptoms. An independent core laboratory (Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, New York) following established methodology performed QCA analyses. In-stent restenosis assessments included percent diameter stenosis, minimum lumen diameter, reference vessel diameter, acute gain, late loss, and restenosis rate (percent with >50% diameter stenosis). Intravascular ultrasound assessment was performed on 122 patients (66 QuaDDS; 56 control) immediately post procedure and again at six months (6).
Statistical analysis.
Final data management and statistical analyses were performed by PAREXCEL International Ltd. (Waltham, Massachusetts).The primary study hypothesis was that the QuaDDS stent would reduce in-stent restenosis rates compared with bare metal stents (7,8). Statistical analyses, performed using SAS version 6.12 (SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina), were based upon actual stent received to assess the safety performance of the stent. Continuous variables are summarized as mean ± SD and compared between treatment groups using a two-sample t test. Categorical variables are expressed as percentages and compared using two-sided Fisher’s exact test. Survival analyses for freedom from MACE and target lesion revascularization (TLR) were performed using the Kaplan-Meier product-limit method and compared using the log-rank test. A p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
|
Results
|
|---|
The SCORE trial was terminated prematurely (266 patients) in April 2001 owing to a high rate of adverse cardiac events as recommended by the Clinical Oversight Committee. Long-term results were collected for 91% (244 of 266) and 76% (201 of 266) of patients at six-month clinical and angiographic follow-up, respectively, and for 88% (235 of 266) at 12-month clinical follow-up. The Clinical Oversight Committee also recommended that the SCORE trial patients be maintained on clopidogrel and followed in a long-term registry.
Baseline and procedural characteristics.
Groups showed no significant differences with respect to baseline demographics and clinical characteristics (Table 1). Mean lesion lengths (QCA) were comparable (11.7 ± 4.4 mm [QuaDDS]; 12.0 ± 4.4 mm). Stent placement with post-procedure percent diameter stenosis <20% was comparable (99.7% [QuaDDS]; 99.8%).
Clinical outcomes.
In the QuaDDS group, stent thrombosis rates were higher at 1, 6, and 12 months and were associated with increased rates of cardiac death and MI (Table 2). The risk for cardiac death or MI in QuaDDS patients who had a stent thrombosis was 84.6%, significantly higher than for those who did not (p < 0.001). Among QuaDDS patients with a stent thrombosis, 23.1% (3 of 13) had associated death, 76.9% (10 of 13) had associated MI, and 15.4% (2 of 13) had associated cardiac death and MI.
One-month overall MACE rates were higher in the QuaDDS group, attributable in part to an increase in MI, most likely related to polymer sleeve side branch occlusion.
The six-month primary end point was not met. Group MACE rates were comparable as a result of similar TVR rates (Table 2). However, the QuaDDS group showed higher rates of overall MI and non–Q-wave MI.
Twelve-month MACE rates were similar but the QuaDDS group showed higher rates of MI and cardiac death. The groups had similar survival curves for freedom from MACE and freedom from TLR (Fig. 2).
View larger version (13K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
|
Figure 2 Freedom from (A) major adverse cardiac event (MACE) and (B) target lesion revascularization (TLR) post-procedure.
|
|
QCA and IVUS.
At six-month follow-up, the restenosis rate was reduced from 32.7% (control) to 7.4% (QuaDDS [p < 0.0001]) (Table 3). The QuaDDS group minimum lumen diameter was larger; percent diameter stenosis and late loss were lower (Table 3).
The IVUS outcomes showing a 68% reduction in neointimal growth and a 28% increase in minimum lumen area in the QuaDDS group versus control patients were published previously (6).
|
Discussion
|
|---|
The pioneering QuaDDS stent's unacceptable safety profile and failure to impact revascularization have halted further development of this high-dose, acrylate polymer sleeve delivery system. The safety outcomes from this mode of paclitaxel delivery stand in stark contrast to acceptable results obtained with other paclitaxel-eluting coated stents (2–5,9). Factors that may have contributed to the increased stent thrombosis, non–Q-wave MIs, and death are outlined in the following discussion.
Drug.
Drug doses loaded on the QuaDDS stent were >10-fold above the TAXUS paclitaxel-eluting stents (e.g., 17-mm QuaDDS stent, 4,000 µg; 16-mm TAXUS stent, 108 µg) (2). Second, release was protracted for QuaDDS, with most (80%) 7-hexanoyltaxol release occurring within 90 days and continuing to six months (Quanam/Boston Scientific preclinical data on file). This contrasts with burst release of the paclitaxel within the first 48 h for the other paclitaxel-eluting stents. Hence, higher drug doses for a longer time may have delayed healing and prevented surface passivation, contributing to the QuaDDS stent's higher stent thrombosis rate.
Polymer.
Long-term (90- and 180-day) porcine studies conducted subsequent to SCORE enrollment demonstrated an intense inflammatory reaction with frequent granulomas and fibrosis with severe narrowing and occlusion in vessels stented with the QuaDDS stent or polymer-only sleeves (Boston Scientific data on file), indicative of vascular incompatibility of the polymer sleeves alone and with 7-hexanoyltaxol. These proinflammatory findings in the porcine model with the acrylate polymer may suggest additional mechanisms contributing to the poor QuaDDS safety profile in humans.
Sleeves.
Multiple, relatively thick sleeves could potentially block side branches, leading to higher rates of periprocedural non–Q-wave MI. In contrast, paclitaxel-eluting stents using strut-conforming drug coatings have established safe clinical trial profiles (2,3,5,9).
|
Conclusions
|
|---|
Despite the limitations of open-label design, the SCORE trial outcomes demonstrate that for the QuaDDS stent, the potential anti-restenotic benefit seen with reduced binary restenosis rates is outweighed by an unacceptable safety profile. Incomplete healing suggested by ongoing stent thrombosis and associated MACE argue that the goal for paclitaxel delivery is transient and low-level paclitaxel release as opposed to the QuaDDS design with protracted and high-dose release of 7-hexanoyltaxol.
|
Appendix
|
|---|
An independent Clinical Events Committee whose members were Stephen G. Ellis, MD, Patrick L. Whitlow, MD, and E. Murat Tuzcu, MD, of the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, adjudicated MACE.
The Clinical Oversight Committee, consisting of Mary E. Russell, MD, David O. Williams, MD, and Simon Stertzer, MD, recommended that the SCORE trial be prematurely terminated owing to a high rate of adverse cardiac events.
|
Acknowledgments
|
|---|
The authors thank Laurie LaRusso, MS, ELS (Boston Scientific Corp.) for help with the manuscript and Martha Reitman, MD (Reitman Corp.) for project management.
|
Footnotes
|
|---|
Dr. Russell is an employee and stockholder of Boston Scientific Corp. Dr. Guagliumi consults for Boston Scientific Corp. The Cardiovascular Research Foundation (Dr. Lansky) receives educational grants from Boston Scientific Corp. The SCORE trial was initiated and sponsored by Quanam Medical Corp. (Santa Clara, California) in February 2000. Boston Scientific Corp. acquired Quanam in February 2001 and assumed responsibility for new trial management.
|
References
|
|---|
- Al Suwaidi J, Berger PB, Holmes Jr DR. Coronary artery stents JAMA 2000;284:1828-1836.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
- Grube E, Siber S, Hauptmann KE, et al. TAXUS I: six- and twelve-month results from a randomized, double-blind trial on a slow-release paclitaxel-eluting stent for de novo coronary lesions Circulation 2003;107:38-42.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
- TAXUS II Study GroupColombo A, Drzewiecki J, Banning A, et al. A randomized study to assess the effectiveness of slow and moderate release polymer-based paclitaxel-eluting stents for coronary lesions Circulation 2003;108:788-794.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
- TAXUS IV InvestigatorsStone GW, Ellis SG, Cox DA, et al. A polymer-based, paclitaxel-eluting stent in patients with coronary artery disease N Engl J Med 2004;350:221-231.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
- Park SJ, Shim WH, Ho DS, et al. A paclitaxel-eluting stent for the prevention of coronary restenosis N Engl J Med 2003;348:1537-1545.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
- Kataoka T, Grube E, Honda Y, et al. 7-Hexanoyltaxol-eluting stent for prevention of neointimal growth: an intravascular ultrasound analysis from the Study to COmpare REstenosis rate between QueST and QuaDS-QP2 (SCORE) Circulation 2002;106:1788-1793.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
- Macaya C, Serruys PW, Ruygrok P, et al. Continued benefit of coronary stenting versus balloon angioplasty: one-year clinical follow-up of Benestent trialBenestent Study Group. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;27:255-261.[Abstract]
- George CJ, Baim DS, Brinker JA, et al. One-year follow-up of the Stent Restenosis (STRESS I) Study Am J Cardiol 1998;81:860-865.[CrossRef][Medline]
- Tanabe K, Serruys PW, Grube E, et al. TAXUS III Trial: in-stent restenosis treated with stent-based delivery of paclitaxel incorporated in a slow-release polymer formulation Circulation 2003;107:559-564.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
|
|
 
K. E. Kip, K. Hollabaugh, O. C. Marroquin, and D. O. Williams
The Problem With Composite End Points in Cardiovascular Studies The Story of Major Adverse Cardiac Events and Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
February 19, 2008;
51(7):
701 - 707.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Grube, K. D. Dawkins, G. Guagliumi, A. P. Banning, K. Zmudka, A. Colombo, L. Thuesen, K. Hauptman, J. Marco, W. Wijns, et al.
TAXUS VI 2-year follow-up: randomized comparison of polymer-based paclitaxel-eluting with bare metal stents for treatment of long, complex lesions
Eur. Heart J.,
November 1, 2007;
28(21):
2578 - 2582.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. E. Stahli, G. G. Camici, J. Steffel, A. Akhmedov, K. Shojaati, M. Graber, T. F. Luscher, and F. C. Tanner
Paclitaxel Enhances Thrombin-Induced Endothelial Tissue Factor Expression via c-Jun Terminal NH2 Kinase Activation
Circ. Res.,
July 21, 2006;
99(2):
149 - 155.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Tsimikas
Drug-Eluting Stents and Late Adverse Clinical Outcomes: Lessons Learned, Lessons Awaited
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
May 16, 2006;
47(10):
2112 - 2115.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C Roiron, P Sanchez, A Bouzamondo, P Lechat, and G Montalescot
Drug eluting stents: an updated meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Heart,
May 1, 2006;
92(5):
641 - 649.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Wessely, A. Schomig, and A. Kastrati
Sirolimus and Paclitaxel on Polymer-Based Drug-Eluting Stents: Similar But Different
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
February 21, 2006;
47(4):
708 - 714.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Jaschke, C. Michaelis, S. Milz, M. Vogeser, T. Mund, L. Hengst, A. Kastrati, A. Schomig, and R. Wessely
Local statin therapy differentially interferes with smooth muscle and endothelial cell proliferation and reduces neointima on a drug-eluting stent platform
Cardiovasc Res,
December 1, 2005;
68(3):
483 - 492.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. J. Nawarskas and L. A. Osborn
Paclitaxel-eluting stents in coronary artery disease
Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm.,
November 1, 2005;
62(21):
2241 - 2251.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Mauri, E. J. Orav, S. C. Candia, D. E. Cutlip, and R. E. Kuntz
Robustness of Late Lumen Loss in Discriminating Drug-Eluting Stents Across Variable Observational and Randomized Trials
Circulation,
November 1, 2005;
112(18):
2833 - 2839.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. T.L. Ong, E. P. McFadden, E. Regar, P. P.T. de Jaegere, R. T. van Domburg, and P. W. Serruys
Late Angiographic Stent Thrombosis (LAST) Events With Drug-Eluting Stents
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
June 21, 2005;
45(12):
2088 - 2092.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. W. O'Neill, S. R. Dixon, and C. L. Grines
The year in interventional cardiology
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
April 5, 2005;
45(7):
1117 - 1134.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Authors/Task Force Members, S. Silber, P. Albertsson, F. F. Aviles, P. G. Camici, A. Colombo, C. Hamm, E. Jorgensen, J. Marco, J.-E. Nordrehaug, et al.
Guidelines for Percutaneous Coronary Interventions: The Task Force for Percutaneous Coronary Interventions of the European Society of Cardiology
Eur. Heart J.,
April 2, 2005;
26(8):
804 - 847.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. N. DeMaria, O. Ben-Yehuda, D. Berman, G. K. Feld, B. H. Greenberg, J. D. Knoke, K. U. Knowlton, W. Y.W. Lew, J. Narula, D. Sahn, et al.
Highlights of the year in JACC 2004
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
January 4, 2005;
45(1):
137 - 153.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
Top
Abstract
Methods