CLINICAL RESEARCH: ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
Assessment of the physiologic significance of coronary disease with dipyridamole real-time myocardial contrast echocardiography
Comparison with technetium-99m sestamibi single-photon emission computed tomography and quantitative coronary angiography
Marcel Peltier, MD*,
David Vancraeynest, MD*,
Agnès Pasquet, MD*,
Taniyel Ay, MD*,
Véronique Roelants, MD*,
Anne-Marie D'hondt, MS*,
Jacques A. Melin, MD, PhD* and
Jean-Louis J. Vanoverschelde, MD, PhD*,*
* Divisions of Cardiology and Nuclear Medicine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
* Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Jean-Louis J. Vanoverschelde, Division of Cardiology, Cliniques Universitaires St. Luc, Avenue Hippocrate, 10-2881, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
vanoverschelde{at}card.ucl.ac.be
This work was presented in part at the 73rd Annual Meeting of the American Heart Association, New Orleans, Louisiana, November 2000.
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Abstract
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OBJECTIVES: The purposes of this study were to test whether quantitative real-time myocardial contrast echocardiography (RT-MCE) can detect coronary disease during pharmacologic stress and to compare this approach with single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).
BACKGROUND: Assessing myocardial perfusion during stress is important for the diagnosis and risk stratification of patients with coronary disease.
METHODS: Thirty-five patients referred for coronary angiography underwent RT-MCE and technetium-99m methoxyisobutylisonitrile (MIBI) SPECT at baseline and after 0.84 mg/kg dipyridamole. The modalities of RT-MCE and SPECT were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. For this purpose, myocardial flow reserve was calculated from microbubble replenishment curves, and regional MIBI uptake was measured on circumferential profiles. Segments and vascular territories were categorized into five groups with increasing stenosis severity by quantitative coronary angiography.
RESULTS: With dipyridamole, beta and A x beta increased in all but the highest stenosis severity group. The increase in beta and A x beta was significantly lower in territories supplied by stenotic arteries than in those supplied by arteries with <50% stenosis. Graded decreases in beta and A x beta reserves were noted with increasing stenosis severity. Using the cutoff value of 2.00 for beta reserve, quantitative RT-MCE correctly identified 97% of the territories supplied by significant stenoses and 82% of those supplied by normal arteries. In contrast, quantitative SPECT correctly identified only 71% of the territories supplied by significant stenoses and 81% of those supplied by normal arteries.
CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that RT-MCE, with dipyridamole, can define the presence and severity of coronary disease in a manner that compares favorably with quantitative SPECT.
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Abbreviations and Acronyms
| | CAD | = coronary artery disease | | LV | = left ventricular | | MBF | = myocardial blood flow | | MI | = mechanical index | | MIBI | = methoxyisobutylisonitrile | | QCA | = quantitative coronary angiography | | ROC | = receiver-operating characteristics | | RT-MCE | = real-time myocardial contrast echocardiography | | SPECT | = single-photon emission computed tomography | | 99mTc | = technetium-99m |
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Assessing myocardial perfusion and wall motion during stress is important for the diagnosis and risk stratification of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) (1–6). Until recently, myocardial perfusion imaging required the use of radiolabeled flow tracers such as thallium-201 (1–3) and technetium-99m (99mTc)-sestamibi (4–6). Thanks to the development of new ultrasonic contrast agents and the introduction of electrocardiographically gated intermittent harmonic imaging, it has recently become possible to produce good-quality images of myocardial perfusion using conventional echocardiography, as well (7,8). Although intermittent imaging has clearly improved our ability to detect myocardial contrast and even to quantify myocardial blood flow (MBF), its clinical application in patients has been quite challenging, particularly during stress. It has recently been suggested that newer contrast imaging modalities, such as power-pulse inversion and power modulation, could obviate some of the problems encountered with intermittent imaging (9). These modalities indeed allow one to image myocardial contrast in real-time using low power emission. Coupled with short, high-power impulses that completely destroy the microbubbles within the field of view, they offer the unique opportunity to assess microbubble replenishment kinetics in real-time and hence MBF (10–12). In the present study, we therefore sought to evaluate the feasibility of measuring MBF with real-time contrast echocardiography (RT-MCE) in patients with known or suspected coronary disease and to compare the ability of dipyridamole RT-MCE and 99mTc methoxyisobutylisonitrile (MIBI) single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) to detect angiographically significant coronary stenoses.
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Methods
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Study population.
The study population consisted of 35 consecutive patients (25 men; mean age 62 ± 10 years [range 44 to 81]) who were referred to our institution for diagnostic coronary angiography. All had normal resting global and regional left ventricular (LV) function. Patients with unstable angina, a previous myocardial infarction or coronary artery bypass graft surgery, severe arrhythmias, atrial fibrillation, second- or third-degree atrioventricular block, severe obstructive pulmonary disease, or insufficient image quality to allow adequate visualization of all myocardial segments from the apical windows were not considered for inclusion into the study. Each patient was informed of the investigative nature of the study, which had been approved by the Ethical Committee of our institution. All patients gave written, informed consent to participate in the study.
Selective coronary angiography and contrast left ventriculography were performed from the femoral approach after the echocardiographic and scintigraphic studies. Significant CAD was defined as >70% lumen diameter stenosis by quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) (Cardiovascular Angiographic Analysis system, Pie Medical Equipment, Maastricht, the Netherlands). Thirteen patients had single-vessel disease, 9 had multivessel disease, and 13 were free of any significant coronary stenosis. Overall, there were 10 left anterior descending (6 proximal, 2 mid, and 2 distal), 15 left circumflex (10 proximal and 5 mid), and 9 right (1 proximal, 6 middle, and 2 distal) coronary artery stenoses.
A 99mTc-MIBI SPECT study was obtained in every patient at rest and after dipyridamole-induced hyperemia. For this purpose, 30 mCi 99mTc-MIBI was injected intravenously. Approximately 1 to 2 h after injection, SPECT images were obtained with a wide field-of-view rotating camera equipped with a high-resolution, parallel-hole collimator centered on the 140-keV photon peak with a 20% window (General Electric 400 AC/T, Milwaukee, Wisconsin). The camera was rotated over an arc of 180° in a circular orbit around the patient's thorax from a right anterior oblique angle of 40° to a left posterior angle of 40° at increments of 6° of 30 s each. The data were reconstructed in the same three long-axis views as echocardiography, with in-plane and z-axis resolutions of 13 mm, 6.2-mm per pixel sampling, and 6.2-mm separation between slices.
Myocardial contrast echocardiography.
Perfluorocarbon-enhanced sonicated dextrose albumin (PESDA), a second-generation contrast agent consisting of decafluorobutane-filled albumin microbubbles with a mean diameter of 4.2 ± 0.5 µm and a mean concentration of 109/ml (as determined with a Coulter Multisizer Z2 Analyzer, Accucomp Software, Miami, Florida) was used in this study. A total dose 0.08 ml/kg PESDA was diluted in 100 ml of saline and administered intravenously using an infusion pump. The rate of infusion was carefully adjusted to maximize myocardial opacification while minimizing attenuation and blooming artifacts during real-time scanning. The mean infusion rate was 1.5 ± 0.3 ml/min.
Imaging was performed with a SONOS 5500 prototype system (Agilent Technologies, Andover, Massachusetts) equipped with a broadband S3 transducer (1 to 3 MHz). Color-coded power-modulation images were obtained from the apical windows using low-power (mechanical index [MI] between 0.1 and 0.2), real-time imaging at 20 frames/s. Power-modulation imaging is a pulse cancellation technique that transmits multiple pulses per image line, alternating full-amplitude pulses with half-amplitude pulses. Subtracting twice the return signal of the half-amplitude pulse from the return signal of the full-amplitude pulse cancels the linear response from the tissue, but not the nonlinear response from the bubbles. The dynamic range of the system is 20 dB, and the pulse repetition frequency is 2.5 kHz. Instrument settings were held constant throughout each experiment. To assess replenishment kinetics, profound microbubble destruction was produced by five consecutive high-power (MI of 1.7) frames transmitted on demand. Imaging then returned automatically to low-power, real-time scanning (MI between 0.1 and 0.2). Because microbubbles are destroyed by imaging at high MI, imaging at low MI reduces microbubble destruction and therefore allows microbubbles replenishment to be imaged in real-time.
Study protocol.
Patients were studied at baseline and after dipyridamole infusion. After acquisition of the baseline gray-scale images from the three apical views, contrast infusion was started. The ultrasound system was then switched to low-power, real-time scanning. Once adequate cavity and myocardial opacification was achieved, RT-MCE data were recorded and digitized in a cine-loop format for subsequent assessment of the replenishment kinetics. After acquisition of the baseline RT-MCE images, 0.84 mg/kg dipyridamole was infused over 6 min. Eight minutes after the start of the dipyridamole infusion, 30 mCi 99mTc-MIBI was injected intravenously. Immediately thereafter, RT-MCE was repeated.
Data analysis and image interpretation.
The RT-MCE and SPECT data were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively using the American Society of Echocardiography's 16-segment model.
For both RT-MCE and SPECT, data were first analyzed visually by pairs of observers blinded to the clinical and other methods' results (Drs. Melin and Roelandts for SPECT; Drs. Peltier and Vancrayenest for MCE). Differences in opinion were resolved by consensus. With both methods, myocardial opacification and tracer uptake were judged as: 1 = normal; 0.5 = reduced (mild defect); 0 = absent (severe defect) (15). A reversible defect was defined as a visually discernible reduction in myocardial opacification or tracer uptake during stress that was no longer seen at rest. Because wall motion was normal at baseline, any resting defect was considered to be due to attenuation, and the segment was excluded from both the qualitative and quantitative analyses. Finally, if a defect was limited to a single basal segment of a vascular territory, this territory was still considered to be normal, and the defect was attributed to attenuation.
Quantitative analysis of RT-MCE sequences was performed on end-systolic images obtained in the apical four- and two-chamber views and in the apical long-axis view using the Freescan software package (Echotech, Hallbergmoos, Germany). For this purpose, three large, irregular, transmural regions of interest (ROI) encompassing the basal, mid-ventricular, and apical levels of the septum and lateral, anterior, and inferior walls, as well as the basal and mid-ventricular levels of the anteroseptal and posterior walls, were drawn on the last image of each dynamic power-modulation sequence (destruction flash, followed by a 15-s replenishment period). The myocardial ROIs were then copied onto all end-systolic power-modulation images and individually adjusted by hand to carefully avoid the right and LV cavities. The software package automatically calculates the mean video-intensity of each ROI and generates time-activity curves that were subsequently fitted to a monoexponential function: y = A · (1 – e–ßt) (13), where beta represents the rate of rise in signal intensity, which reflects microbubble velocity, and A is the peak plateau amplitude, which reflects the microvascular cross-sectional area or myocardial blood volume (14). "A" was subsequently normalized for the blood pool video-intensity using the equation: normalized A = 10([A – blood pool]/10) x 100. Finally, the vasodilator reserve for beta and A x beta, an index of MBF, was calculated as the ratio of hyperemic to baseline values for these parameters.
Quantitative SPECT analysis was performed by use of circumferential profiles. For this purpose, an operator-defined ROI was drawn around the LV activity on each long-axis cross section. Myocardial activity was then calculated in six different sectors emanating from the center of the tomograms. Within each sector, the mean counts per pixel were computed for both the rest and stress images. Myocardial activity was further categorized as being  70% or >70% of the maximum activity. A normal response to dipyridamole was defined as >70% MIBI uptake at rest and during stress. A reversible defect was defined as MIBI uptake 70% during stress, which improved to >70% at rest. Finally, segments in which resting MIBI uptake was 70% were considered to be attenuation artifacts.
Statistical analysis.
Continuous variables are expressed as the mean value ± SD. Comparisons between the different stenosis severity groups were performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), with the Bonferroni correction for post hoc comparisons. The relationship between the vasodilator reserve by RT-MCE and the severity of coronary stenoses by QCA was evaluated by least-squares fit regression analysis. Receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis was used to identify the best cutoff values of vasodilator reserve for predicting the presence of significant coronary disease. Their predictive value was evaluated by computing the area under the ROC curves. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of these cutoff values were evaluated on both vascular territory and patient bases. For this purpose, the septum, anteroseptal wall, and anterior wall were ascribed to the left anterior descending coronary artery, the lateral wall to the left circumflex coronary artery, and the inferior wall to the right coronary artery. Because of the varying vascular supply of the apex, this was allocated to any of the other involved territories. If the apex alone was involved, the left anterior descending coronary artery was imputed. Likewise, the posterior wall was ascribed to either the left circumflex or right coronary artery if either was involved. A p value <0.05 was considered as indicative of a statistically significant difference.
To determine intra- and interobserver variabilities, 10 sets of RT-MCE and SPECT images were reanalyzed separately by the observers who participated into the consensus reading. The interval between the initial analyses and those made for variability assessment was >3 months. Intra- and interobserver variabilities in quantitative RT-MCE and SPECT parameters were assessed by computing intraclass correlation coefficients using one-way ANOVA with a random factor and by calculating the limits of agreement between measurements made by use of Bland-Altman analysis. Kappa statistics were used to determine concordance between qualitative RT-MCE or SPECT parameters and QCA.
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Results
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Patient characteristics are summarized in Table 1.
Myocardial contrast echocardiography.
Of the possible 560 segments, 102 (19%) could not be adequately visualized at baseline and were therefore excluded from the analysis. Most of these segments (74%) were basal segments (Fig. 1). The remaining 458 segments (81%) were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Of these, 292 (64%) were supplied by arteries with <50% stenosis, 32 (7%) by arteries with 50% to 70% stenosis, 92 (20%) by arteries with 70% to 90% stenosis, and 42 (9%) by arteries with >90% stenosis.
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Figure 1 Distribution of segmental artifacts on real-time myocardial contrast echocardiography. AL = anterior lateral; AA = apical anterior; BA = basal anterior; BAS = basal antero-septal; BI = basal inferior; BL = basal lateral; BP = basal posterior; BS = basal septal; MA = mid-anterior; MAS = mid antero-septal; ML = mid-lateral; MP = mid-posterior; MI = mid-inferior; MS = mid-septal.
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Quantitative RT-MCE at baseline and during hyperemia.
With dipyridamole, the heart rate increased from 62 ± 10 to 84 ± 14 beats/min (p < 0.001). Systolic blood pressure decreased slightly from 151 ± 30 to 147 ± 25 mm Hg (p < 0.001). As a consequence, the rate-pressure product rose from 8,931 ± 2,549 to 12,246 ± 2,893 beats/min x mm Hg (p < 0.001).
The last refilling frame from the dipyridamole RT-MCE study (apical long-axis view) of a patient with >90% left circumflex coronary stenosis is illustrated in Figure 2. The corresponding SPECT image is also shown. Both methods show the presence of a perfusion defect in the posterior wall. With RT-MCE, the defect is mostly subendocardial, whereas it appears transmural on SPECT. The time versus video-intensity curves obtained in the posterior and anteroseptal walls are shown in Figure 3. The microbubble velocity in the anteroseptal wall was faster than that in the posterior wall. The plateau video-intensity was also higher.
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Figure 2 Last refilling frame from the dipyridamole real-time myocardial contrast echocardiography study (apical long-axis view) of a patient with >90% left circumflex coronary stenosis (left panel) and the corresponding single-photon emission computed tomography image (right panel).
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Figure 3 Time versus video-intensity curves obtained from the anteroseptal (solid circles) and posterior walls (open circles) of the patient whose images are shown in Figure 2. See text for details.
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Table 2 shows the results of the quantitative RT-MCE analysis at baseline and during dipyridamole in the different stenosis severity groups. At baseline, no significant differences in A, beta, or A x beta were noted among the groups. With dipyridamole, beta and A x beta increased in all but the highest stenosis severity group. The increase in beta and A x beta was significantly lower in stenotic than in nonstenotic segments, however. Normalized A was not affected by dipyridamole, except in the highest severity group, in which it significantly decreased. Graded decreases in beta and A x beta reserves were noted with increasing coronary stenosis severity. A significant correlation was found between the percent lumen diameter stenosis derived from QCA and both beta (r = –0.85, p < 0.001) (Fig. 4) and A x beta (r = –0.81, p < 0.001) reserves by RT-MCE.
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Figure 4 Scatterplots showing the relationship between percent lumen diameter stenosis by quantitative coronary angiography and beta reserve by myocardial contrast echocardiography in individual vascular territories.
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Diagnostic performance of MCE and SPECT.
Segment-by-segment analysis
Empirical ROC curves were generated to determine the optimal cutoff values of beta reserve and A x beta reserve for prediction of significant coronary stenoses (Fig. 5). By use of a cutoff value of 2.00 for beta reserve, quantitative RT-MCE correctly identified 101 (75%) of 134 stenotic and 251 (77%) of 324 nonstenotic segments. Similarly, by use of a cutoff value of 1.96 for A x beta reserve, quantitative RT-MCE correctly identified 104 (78%) of 134 stenotic and 259 (80%) of 324 nonstenotic segments. Table 3 compares the diagnostic performance of quantitative and qualitative RT-MCE.
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Figure 5 Empirical receiver-operating characteristics curves generated for beta reserve (A) and A x beta reserve (B).
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Territory-by-territory and patient-by-patient analyses
The cutoff criteria derived from the segmental analysis were also used to assess the diagnostic performance of RT-MCE in individual vascular territories and in individual patients. Tables 4 and 5 compare the results of these analyses with those of qualitative MCE, qualitative SPECT, and quantitative SPECT.
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Table 4 Diagnostic Performance of RT-MCE and SPECT to Detect Significant Coronary Artery Disease in Individual Vascular Territories
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Table 5 Diagnostic Performance of RT-MCE and SPECT to Detect Significant Coronary Artery Disease in Individual Patients
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Observer variability
The intraobserver variabilities in the measurements of beta reserve and A x beta reserve were 5.2% and 5.9%, respectively. The interobserver variabilities in the same parameters and in the quantitative SPECT measurements were 6.8%, 6.1%, and 7.9%, respectively. The intraobserver concordances for the visual analysis of MCE and SPECT images were 93% (kappa = 0.84) and 91% (kappa = 0.74), respectively. The interobserver concordances for the same parameters were 92% (kappa = 0.81) and 91% (kappa = 0.74), respectively.
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Discussion
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This study demonstrates the feasibility of measuring MBF in patients with RT-MCE during dipyridamole stress and the accuracy of this method for detection of significant coronary disease. The results can be summarized as follows: 1) combined with the profound microbubble destruction produced by transient, high-power frames transmitted on demand, RT-MCE permits delineation of the time course of contrast reappearance in the myocardium in >80% of the segments. 2) The rate of contrast reappearance after microbubble destruction follows a monoexponential course, allowing the rate of rise in video-intensity (beta slope) and the peak myocardial intensity (plateau A) to be quantitated. 3) Beta and A x beta reserves, the ratio of hyperemic to baseline beta and A x beta, correlate inversely with the severity of the underlying coronary stenoses. 4) Reductions in beta and A x beta reserves below values of 2.00 and 1.96, respectively, allow significant CAD to be detected with both a high sensitivity and high specificity. 5) The diagnostic performance of RT-MCE for detection of clinically significant coronary disease compares favorably with that of SPECT.
Rationale for use of RT-MCE.
Regardless of the imaging technique or location of microbubble injection, myocardial contrast enhancement from microbubbles reflects myocardial blood volume (14). To gain information on MBF, a dedicated imaging strategy is needed, whereby the microbubbles are first destroyed by ultrasound, and their replenishment kinetics are then evaluated by progressively increasing the time between imaging pulses. Wei et al. (13) were the first to use this approach in open-chest animals. These authors demonstrated that the monoexponential increase in contrast intensity during intermittent imaging correlated closely with microsphere-derived MBF. Unfortunately, application of this approach to patients has been particularly challenging, mainly because of the complexity to the imaging strategy. Currently, the method requires 5 to 10 consecutive images to be obtained at different pulsing intervals (typically 300 ms and 1, 3, 5, and 8 s) during intermittent electrocardiography (ECG)-triggered imaging. As the refill kinetics need to be evaluated in the very same region in which the microbubbles have been destroyed, maintenance of a perfect alignment between the images is mandatory. At 8-s pulsing intervals, this becomes a real challenge. The RT-MCE approach allows one to circumvent this problem. By use of a pulse cancellation algorithm that eliminates the linear scatter from tissue, RT-MCE indeed permits imaging of microbubbles continuously at very low-power ultrasound, without destroying them. To assess replenishment kinetics, one simply needs to induce profound microbubble destruction by transmitting, on demand, a series of high-power frames and subsequently a return to low-power, real-time scanning. In a canine model, we (11) and others (10,12) have recently shown that microbubble refill parameters evaluated with RT-MCE correlated strongly with microsphere-derived MBF, over a wide range of flow conditions.
The present study demonstrates that assessment of MBF with RT-MCE is feasible in patients and results in an acceptable number of artifacts. Most importantly, these artifacts do not appear to limit the ability of RT-MCE to positively identify CAD. This is probably due to the fact that most of these artifacts ( 75%) are confined to basal segments, whereas stress-induced perfusion defects mostly involve segments located near the apex. One of the advantages of RT-MCE is undoubtedly its ability to provide quantitative and hence more reproducible and less operator-dependent estimates of myocardial perfusion and perfusion reserve. Quite interestingly, these estimates strongly correlate with the severity of coronary stenoses determined by QCA, in a manner similar to that reported by Gould and Lipscomb (15). This strongly supports the use of this method, not only to detect the presence of CAD noninvasively but also to evaluate its physiologic significance once it has been angiographically identified. These results are in agreement with those previously reported by Wei et al. (22) with intermittent ECG-triggered B-mode harmonic imaging.
Relationship between perfusion by RT-MCE and SPECT.
There are only a few studies comparing MCE and radionuclide imaging. The first multicenter trial on MCE showed that, under resting conditions, MCE had a poor correlation with SPECT (16). However, good correlations were observed when pharmacologic stress or exercise was used (17–21). This study is the first to compare the accuracy of both qualitative and quantitative RT-MCE and SPECT against QCA. Overall, our results are similar to those of previous investigations using intermittent imaging or qualitative RT-MCE. Our data nonetheless suggest that quantitative RT-MCE may offer some advantages over conventional qualitative assessments, as it is more reproducible and provides physiologic information on both MBF and myocardial blood volume.
Study limitations.
Some specific aspects of the assessment of myocardial perfusion using power-modulation RT-MCE need to be critically appraised. First, the beta values in our study were generally lower than those reported by Wei et al. (13,22). There are two possible explanations for these differences. The first is the persistence of some degree of microbubble destruction during power-modulation RT-MCE, despite the use of low MI imaging. Indeed, switching from real-time to triggered intermittent imaging results in a significant, albeit modest, increase in the degree of myocardial opacification (data not shown). The second relates to the induction of significant microbubble destruc-tion within the LV cavity during the transmission of high-MI frames aimed at the destruction of microbubbles in myocardium. Calculated myocardial refilling rates may thus be contaminated by the simultaneous replenishment rate of the LV blood pool. Furthermore, quantitative assessment of replenishment kinetics requires knowledge of the contrast input function. Because of the limited dynamic range of the prototype system used, the input function could not be accurately measured, with contrast intensity in the blood pool often being close to 20 dB. We therefore made every effort to maintain constant delivery of contrast throughout the experiments. This probably explains why we did not observe any significant changes in plateau A in the nonstenotic segments during hyperemia, despite significant increases in the heart rate and rate-pressure product. Finally, the number of patients included in this study was relatively small. Accordingly, it has not been possible to establish whether quantitative RT-MCE was superior to qualitative assessment of MCE images or SPECT. Our data nonetheless suggest that quantitative RT-MCE is at least as accurate as SPECT for identifying significant CAD. However, our data need to be confirmed in larger studies before RT-MCE can be used routinely in daily clinical practice.
Conclusions.
The present study indicates that RT-MCE with power modulation is feasible during dipyridamole stress in patients and that it can accurately identify significant CAD.
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Footnotes
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This work was supported in part by grant no. 3-4563-98 from the "Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique et Médicale" and grant no. 01/06-199 from the "Action de Recherche Concertée." Dr. Peltier is supported by the "Société Française de Cardiologie," Paris, France, and Dr. Ay by the "Damman Foundation," Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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M. T. Lonnebakken, E. M. Staal, O. Bleie, E. Strand, O. K. Nygard, and E. Gerdts
Quantitative contrast stress echocardiography in assessment of restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention in stable coronary artery disease
Eur J Echocardiogr,
October 1, 2009;
10(7):
858 - 864.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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R Mizuno, S Fujimoto, Y Saito, and S Nakamura
Depressed recovery of subendocardial perfusion in persistent heart failure after complete revascularisation in diabetic patients with hibernating myocardium
Heart,
May 1, 2009;
95(10):
830 - 834.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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R Vogel, A Indermuhle, P Meier, and C Seiler
Quantitative stress echocardiography in coronary artery disease using contrast-based myocardial blood flow measurements: prospective comparison with coronary angiography
Heart,
March 1, 2009;
95(5):
377 - 384.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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R. Senior, H. Becher, M. Monaghan, L. Agati, J. Zamorano, J. L. Vanoverschelde, and P. Nihoyannopoulos
Contrast echocardiography: evidence-based recommendations by European Association of Echocardiography
Eur J Echocardiogr,
March 1, 2009;
10(2):
194 - 212.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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R. Senior, M. Monaghan, M. L. Main, J. L. Zamorano, K. Tiemann, L. Agati, N. J. Weissman, A. L. Klein, T. H. Marwick, M. Ahmad, et al.
Detection of coronary artery disease with perfusion stress echocardiography using a novel ultrasound imaging agent: two Phase 3 international trials in comparison with radionuclide perfusion imaging
Eur J Echocardiogr,
January 1, 2009;
10(1):
26 - 35.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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F. Xie, S. Dodla, E. O'Leary, and T. R. Porter
Detection of subendocardial ischemia in the left anterior descending coronary artery territory with real-time myocardial contrast echocardiography during dobutamine stress echocardiography.
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Img.,
May 1, 2008;
1(3):
271 - 278.
[Abstract]
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S.A. Hayat, G. Dwivedi, A. Jacobsen, T.K. Lim, C. Kinsey, and R. Senior
Effects of Left Bundle-Branch Block on Cardiac Structure, Function, Perfusion, and Perfusion Reserve: Implications for Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography Versus Radionuclide Perfusion Imaging for the Detection of Coronary Artery Disease
Circulation,
April 8, 2008;
117(14):
1832 - 1841.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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B. A. Kaufmann, A. M. Bernheim, S. Kiencke, M. Fischler, J. Sklenar, H. Mairbaurl, M. Maggiorini, and H. P. Brunner-La Rocca
Evidence supportive of impaired myocardial blood flow reserve at high altitude in subjects developing high-altitude pulmonary edema
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,
April 1, 2008;
294(4):
H1651 - H1657.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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S. A. Hayat and R. Senior
Myocardial contrast echocardiography in ST elevation myocardial infarction: ready for prime time?
Eur. Heart J.,
February 1, 2008;
29(3):
299 - 314.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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G. Dwivedi, R. Janardhanan, S. A. Hayat, J. M. Swinburn, and R. Senior
Prognostic Value of Myocardial Viability Detected by Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography Early After Acute Myocardial Infarction
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
July 24, 2007;
50(4):
327 - 334.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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D. J. Rakhit, H. Becher, M. Monaghan, P. Nihoyannopoulis, and R. Senior
The clinical applications of myocardial contrast echocardiography
Eur J Echocardiogr,
June 1, 2007;
8(3):
s24 - s29.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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P. A. Dijkmans, R. Senior, H. Becher, T. R. Porter, K. Wei, C. A. Visser, and O. Kamp
Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography Evolving as a Clinically Feasible Technique for Accurate, Rapid, and Safe Assessment of Myocardial Perfusion: The Evidence So Far
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
December 5, 2006;
48(11):
2168 - 2177.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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S Moir, L Hanekom, Z-Y Fang, B Haluska, C Wong, M Burgess, and T H Marwick
Relationship between myocardial perfusion and dysfunction in diabetic cardiomyopathy: a study of quantitative contrast echocardiography and strain rate imaging
Heart,
October 1, 2006;
92(10):
1414 - 1419.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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A. Elhendy and T. R. Porter
Myocardial contrast quantitation during stress echocardiography
Eur J Echocardiogr,
June 1, 2006;
7(3):
185 - 186.
[Full Text]
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E. Toledo, L. D. Jacobs, J. A. Lodato, J. M. DeCara, P. Coon, V. Mor-Avi, and R. M. Lang
Quantitative diagnosis of stress-induced myocardial ischemia using analysis of contrast echocardiographic parametric perfusion images
Eur J Echocardiogr,
June 1, 2006;
7(3):
217 - 225.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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P. Jeetley, M. Hickman, O. Kamp, R. M. Lang, J. D. Thomas, M. A. Vannan, J. L. Vanoverschelde, P. A. van der Wouw, and R. Senior
Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography for the Detection of Coronary Artery Stenosis: A Prospective Multicenter Study in Comparison With Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
January 3, 2006;
47(1):
141 - 145.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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R. Senior, R. Janardhanan, P. Jeetley, and L. Burden
Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography for Distinguishing Ischemic From Nonischemic First-Onset Acute Heart Failure: Insights Into the Mechanism of Acute Heart Failure
Circulation,
September 13, 2005;
112(11):
1587 - 1593.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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J. M. Tsutsui, A. Elhendy, J. R. Anderson, F. Xie, A. C. McGrain, and T. R. Porter
Prognostic Value of Dobutamine Stress Myocardial Contrast Perfusion Echocardiography
Circulation,
September 6, 2005;
112(10):
1444 - 1450.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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J. M. Tsutsui, A. Elhendy, F. Xie, E. L. O'Leary, A. C. McGrain, and T. R. Porter
Safety of dobutamine stress real-time myocardial contrast echocardiography
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
April 19, 2005;
45(8):
1235 - 1242.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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R Senior, M Monaghan, H Becher, J Mayet, and P Nihoyannopoulos
Stress echocardiography for the diagnosis and risk stratification of patients with suspected or known coronary artery disease: a critical appraisal. Supported by the British Society of Echocardiography
Heart,
April 1, 2005;
91(4):
427 - 436.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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R. Vogel, A. Indermuhle, J. Reinhardt, P. Meier, P. T. Siegrist, M. Namdar, P. A. Kaufmann, and C. Seiler
The quantification of absolute myocardial perfusion in humans by contrast echocardiography: Algorithm and validation
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
March 1, 2005;
45(5):
754 - 762.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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A. E. Weyman
The year in echocardiography
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
February 1, 2005;
45(3):
448 - 455.
[Full Text]
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Top
Abstract
Methods