CLINICAL RESEARCH: MAGNETIC RESONANCE AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC IMAGING
Multislice spiral computed tomography coronary angiography in patients with stable angina pectoris
Nico R. Mollet, MD* ,
Filippo Cademartiri, MD,
Koen Nieman, MD*,
Francesco Saia, MD*,
Pedro A. Lemos, MD*,
Eugene P. McFadden, MB*,
Peter M. T. Pattynama, MD,
Patrick W. Serruys, MD, FACC*,
Gabriel P. Krestin, MD and
Pim J. de Feyter, MD, FACC*,*
* Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Rotterdam, Netherlands
Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
Manuscript received December 18, 2003;
revised manuscript received January 22, 2004,
accepted March 2, 2004.
* Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Pim J. de Feyter, Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Cardiology and Radiology, Thoraxcenter, Bd 410, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands.
p.j.defeyter{at}erasmusmc.nl
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Abstract
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OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to prospectively evaluate the diagnostic performance of multislice spiral computed tomography (MSCT) coronary angiography for the detection of significant lesions in all segments of the coronary tree potentially suitable for revascularization.
BACKGROUND: Noninvasive MSCT coronary angiography is a promising coronary imaging technique.
METHODS: Sixteen-row MSCT coronary angiography was performed in 128 patients (89% men, mean age 58.9 ± 11.7 years) in sinus rhythm with stable angina pectoris scheduled for conventional coronary angiography. Sixty percent (77 of 128) of patients received pre-scan oral beta-blockers, resulting in a mean heart rate of 57.7 ± 7.7 beats/min. The diagnostic performance of MSCT for detection of significant lesions ( 50% diameter reduction) was compared with that of quantitative coronary angiography (QCA).
RESULTS: The sensitivity of MSCT for detection of significant lesions was 92% (216 of 234, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 88 to 95). Specificity was 95% (1,092 of 1,150, 95% CI: 93 to 96), positive predictive value 79% (216 of 274, 95% CI: 73 to 88), and negative predictive value 98% (1,092 of 1,110, 95% CI: 97 to 99). Two 50% lesions were missed because of motion artifacts and two because of severe coronary calcifications. The rest (78%, 14 of 18) were detected but incorrectly classified as <50% obstructions. All patients with and 86% (18 of 21) of patients without significant lesions on QCA were correctly classified by MSCT. All patients with significant left main disease or total occlusions were correctly identified on MSCT.
CONCLUSIONS: Sixteen-row MSCT coronary angiography permits reliable detection of significant obstructive coronary artery disease in patients with stable angina in sinus rhythm.
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Abbreviations and Acronyms
| | CAD | = coronary artery disease | | CI | = confidence interval | | CT | = computed tomography | | MSCT | = multislice spiral computed tomography | | QCA | = quantitative coronary angiography |
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Multislice spiral computed tomography (MSCT) coronary angiography is a promising noninvasive technique for the detection of obstructive epicardial coronary artery disease (CAD), and 16-row MSCT scanners have the potential to further improve its diagnostic performance (1). Complete visualization of all clinically important coronary segments is a prerequisite for MSCT coronary angiography to become an accepted clinical tool for the assessment of patients with suspected CAD. Previous studies performed in relatively small numbers of patients showed high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of significant obstructive lesions (2,3). However, in one study, a significant number of coronary segments were excluded because of poor image quality, and neither report presented a comprehensive lesion-by-lesion comparative analysis.
We prospectively evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of MSCT coronary angiography for the detection of significant lesions in coronary segments potentially amenable to revascularization (2 mm in diameter).
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Methods
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Study population.
During a period of six months, we studied 128 patients (113 men, 15 women, mean age 58.9 ± 11.7 years) with stable angina pectoris scheduled for conventional coronary angiography. Only patients in sinus rhythm able to perform a 20-s breath-hold were included. Exclusion criteria were contraindications to iodinated contrast (e.g., known allergy, serum creatinine >120 mmol/l, and thyroid disorders), patients with previous bypass surgery, and patients presenting with an acute coronary syndrome. No patients of the previously reported studies were included in the present study.
The institutional review board of our institution approved the study and all patients gave written, informed consent.
Patient preparation.
A single oral dose of 100 mg metoprolol (Selokeen, AstraZeneca Pharmaceutics, London, United Kingdom) was administered 1 h before the scan if the heart rate was 65 beats/min.
Scan protocol and image reconstruction.
All scans were performed using a 16-row MSCT scanner (Sensation 16, Siemens, Germany). Scan parameters were: detector collimation 16 x 0.75 mm, tube rotation time 420 ms, table feed 3 mm/rotation, tube voltage 120 kV, and tube current 400 to 450 mAs. Prospectively triggered X-ray tube current modulation was applied in patients with a heart rate below 60 beats/min and in the absence of any rhythm disturbances during a monitoring period of approximately 1 min. This feature reduces the radiation output of the X-tube during the less important systolic phase, thereby decreasing the total radiation dose by 40% to 50% in patients with low heart rates (4,5). A bolus of 100 ml of contrast (Visipaque 320, Amersham Health, Forchheim, United Kingdom) was injected intravenously at a flow rate of 4 ml/s. An automated bolus tracking system was used to synchronize the arrival of the contrast material with initiation of the scan. All data were acquired during a single breath-hold of approximately 20 s, and images were reconstructed using retrospective ECG gating. To obtain motion-free images, standard reconstruction windows were selected during the mid-to-end diastolic phase (350, 400, and 450 ms before the next R-wave). Additional image reconstruction windows were explored when deemed necessary. The reconstruction algorithm uses data obtained in half gantry rotation time, resulting in a temporal resolution of up to 210 ms. In case of a heart rate of >70 beats/min, a bi-segmental reconstruction algorithm is applied that uses data obtained from two consecutive heartbeats, reducing the effective reconstruction interval per heart cycle down to 105 ms, depending on the heart rate (1).
Quantitative coronary angiography (QCA).
The mean (±SD) interval between the MSCT scan and conventional coronary angiography was 19.1 ± 10.4 days. The coronary arteries were divided into segments according to the American Heart Association classification (6). A single observer, unaware of the MSCT results, classified all coronary segments as <2 and 2 mm in diameter using a QCA algorithm (CAAS, Pie Medical, Maastricht, Netherlands). Only segments classified as 2 mm were considered for comparison with MSCT. The severity of coronary stenoses was quantified in two orthogonal views, and a stenosis was classified as significant if the mean lumen diameter reduction was 50%.
MSCT image evaluation.
Two observers blind to the results of conventional coronary angiography independently evaluated all of the MSCT scans. Thin-slab maximum intensity projections with a slice thickness of 2 to 6 mm, depending on the presence of adjacent structures or coronary calcifications, were used to screen for coronary stenoses. Multiplanar reconstructions were used to obtain more detailed information.
All main branches as well as large (2 mm in lumen diameter) side branches of the coronary tree were evaluated for the presence of significant (50% diameter reduction) obstructive stenoses. Segments with stents were excluded from analysis because beam-hardening artifacts and partial volume effects hamper reliable visualization of the coronary lumen. Image quality of all segments was classified as good, adequate, or poor. Good image quality was classified as the absence of any image-degrading artifacts related to motion, noise, or calcification. In the presence of image-degrading artifacts, image quality was classified as adequate or poor. Adequate image quality allowed the assessment of significant lesions with moderate confidence, whereas poor image quality allowed the assessment of significant lesions with only a low confidence.
The presence of calcium in the coronary wall was systematically assessed. Each segment was classified as noncalcified, moderately calcified (small isolated eccentric high-density lesions in the coronary wall), or heavily calcified (high-density lesions extending longitudinally along the coronary wall, causing beam hardening and partial volume artifacts). Disagreements were resolved by consensus.
Statistical analysis.
The diagnostic performance of MSCT coronary angiography for the detection of significant obstructive lesions, with QCA as the standard of reference, is presented as sensitivity, specificity, and negative and positive predictive value. These diagnostic parameters are expressed with a 95% confidence interval calculated with binomial expansion. On a lesion-by-lesion analysis, inter- and intraobserver variability for the detection of significant lesions was calculated and expressed as kappa values. The most proximal significant stenosis was considered as the predominant lesion in the vessel-based analysis.
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Results
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Sixty percent (77 of 128) of the patients received a beta-blocker before the MSCT scan and 42 of these patients were already receiving beta-blockers. The mean (±SD) heart rate was 57.7 ± 7.7 during the scan procedure. The total scan time was 18.2 ± 1.4 s. One scan could not be evaluated because of technical failure. Prospectively triggered X-tube modulation was applied in 64% (81/127) of the remaining patients.
Conventional coronary angiography revealed no significant stenoses in 17% (21 of 127), one-vessel disease in 35% (44 of 127), two-vessel disease in 35% (44 of 127), and three-vessel disease in 14% (18 of 127) of patients. Six patients had significant left main stenosis.
Lesion-by-lesion analysis: overall performance of MSCT.
A total of 1,384 non-stented segments with a diameter 2 mm were analyzed for the detection of significant obstructive coronary stenoses (37 segments with stents were excluded). Per patient, we included 10.9 ± 1.9 segments for analysis. Image quality was classified as good in 75% (1,049 of 1,384) of segments, adequate in 18% (243 of 1,384) of segments, and poor in 7% (92 of 1,384) of segments. Causes of poorly assessable segments were motion artifacts (63%, 58 of 92), severe calcification (30%, 28 of 92), and low contrast-to-noise ratio (7%, 6 of 92). Motion artifacts were most frequently located in the mid-right coronary artery. Inter- and intraobserver variability for the detection of significant lesions had kappa values of 0.71 and 0.79, respectively.
The sensitivity was 92% (216 of 234, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 88 to 95), the specificity was 95% (1,092 of 1,150, 95% CI: 93 to 96), the positive predictive value was 79% (216 of 274, 95% CI: 73 to 88), and the negative predictive value was 98% (1,092 of 1,110, 95% CI: 97 to 99) (Table 1) for the detection of significantly obstructed lesions.
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Table 1 Results: Detection of Significant (50%) Stenoses With 16-Row Multislice Spiral Computed Tomography Coronary Angiography
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Nineteen percent (268 of 1,384) of all segments were classified as heavily calcified, 31% (430 of 1,384) as moderately calcified, and 50% (686 of 1,384) as noncalcified. The diagnostic performance of MSCT coronary angiography for detection of significant obstructive lesions in noncalcified, moderately calcified, and heavily calcified segments is tabulated in Table 2.
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Table 2 Diagnostic Performance of Multislice Spiral Computed Tomography Coronary Angiography for the Detection of Significant Obstructive Lesions
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Lesion-by-lesion analysis: false-negative results on MSCT.
Eighteen significantly obstructed segments with a mean diameter reduction of 61.1 ± 7.5% (range 51% to 72% using QCA) were missed on the MSCT scan. The majority of the missed lesions were located in the circumflex coronary artery or in smaller side branches (13 of 18, 72%). Two lesions were missed because of severe calcifications and two because of motion artifacts; the severity of the stenosis was underestimated in the remaining 14 lesions.
Lesion-by-lesion analysis: false-positive results on MSCT.
Fifty-eight segments were incorrectly classified as significantly obstructed because of overestimation of the severity of the lesion. Fifteen noncalcified and 17 moderately calcified lesions (mean diameter reduction 41.2 ± 5.1%, range 30% to 48%) were overestimated. Twenty-six heavily calcified lesions were overestimated; in the majority of these lesions conventional angiography revealed only minor wall irregularities. Overestimation of heavily calcified lesions was likely related to beam-hardening artifacts and partial volume effects resulting in blooming of the coronary calcifications.
Vessel-based analysis.
The sensitivity for classification of vessels with or without CAD was 94% (177 of 188, 95% CI: 89 to 95); specificity was 91% (298 of 329, 95% CI: 86 to 93), positive predictive value was 85% (177 of 208, 95% CI: 79 to 91), and negative predictive value was 96% (298 of 309, 95% CI: 93 to 98). All significantly obstructed left main coronary arteries (n = 6) and total occlusions (n = 60) were correctly identified on the MSCT scan.
Patient-based analysis.
Multislice spiral computed tomography coronary angiography correctly identified 18 of 21 (86%) patients without significant stenoses on angiography. No patient with single-vessel disease (n = 44) on angiography was incorrectly classified as having no significant coronary disease on MSCT; however, 15 patients were classified as having multivessel disease. Fifty-five patients with multivessel disease (n = 62) on angiography were correctly classified on MSCT; the remaining seven patients were classified as having single-vessel disease.
Overall, all patients with a significant stenosis in one or more vessels were correctly classified as patients with CAD. Sensitivity for classification of patients with or without CAD was 100% (106 of 106, 95% CI: 96 to 100), specificity was 86% (18 of 21, 95% CI: 63 to 96), positive predictive value was 97% (106 of 109, 95% CI: 92 to 98), and negative predictive value was 100% (18 of 18, 95% CI: 81 to 100).
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Discussion
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Complete visualization of all clinically important coronary segments is a prerequisite for MSCT coronary angiography to become an accepted clinical tool for the assessment of patients with suspected CAD. Previous studies in relatively small cohorts showed high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of significant obstructive lesions (2,3). The major finding of the present study, which compared MSCT with QCA, is that 16-row MSCT is a robust tool for assessing the presence of significantly obstructed coronary artery in the clinically important part of the coronary tree (Figs. 1 and 2). All MSCT segments corresponding to angiographic segments with a diameter above 2 mm on QCA were analyzed, without any prespecified exclusion criteria based on the quality of the MSCT images. This resulted in 10.9 ± 1.9 available segments per patient. For the segment-based analysis, both the overall sensitivity and specificity were found to be above 90% (92% and 94%, respectively). Image quality was classified as poor in 7% of the segments. However, these segments were included in the comparative analysis with QCA.
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Figure 1 Volume-rendered multislice spiral computed tomography images (left) and corresponding conventional angiography images (right) of the left anterior descending (LAD) (A), circumflex (C), and right coronary artery (D) in a 69-year-old woman with stable angina and a positive bicycle test. Significant lesions were found in the proximal part of the LAD coronary artery (arrowhead) and first diagonal (D1) (arrow), which are demonstrated on the inlay (B).
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Figure 2 Colored image = volume rendered multislice spiral computed tomography (MSCT) image providing an overview of the anatomy of the main coronary arteries. Black and white images = MSCT (curved multiplanar reconstructions [cMPR] and maximum intensity projections [MIP]) and conventional coronary angiography (CA) images of the four main coronary arteries (left main/left anterior descending [LAD], circumflex coronary artery [CX], right coronary artery [RCA]) of a single patient. The small arrows highlight a high-grade stenosis and the large arrows an occlusion located at the midpart of the LAD. The arrowheads indicate cross-sectional images proximal (inlay a) and within the occlusion (inlay b). Inlay b shows calcified (displayed as white) and noncalcified (displayed as black) plaque tissue components.
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The current-generation 16-slice scanners have a higher spatial and temporal resolution when compared with previous scanners, resulting in an improvement in the diagnostic accuracy of MSCT angiography (7–10).
One-half of the segments contained calcified deposits in the coronary wall. Calcifications are high-density structures causing beam-hardening artifacts and partial volume effects on computed tomography. These artifacts have an important impact on the evaluation of calcified lesions. Only two lesions in the present study were missed because of severe calcifications, but 26 heavily calcified lesions were overestimated. The majority of these lesions appeared as wall irregularities on conventional angiography.
Another 32 overestimated lesions with a mean diameter reduction of 40% on QCA (range between 30% and 48%) were noncalcified or moderately calcified. This probably reflects the semiquantitative nature of the evaluation of coronary lesions with MSCT.
One-third of the missed 50% lesions were located in the circumflex and a further one-third in smaller side branches. The circumflex coronary artery is more difficult to evaluate, probably because of its tortuous course and overlapping structures, whereas the relatively high number of missed lesions in smaller side branches suggest a lower diagnostic performance of MSCT angiography in branches toward the threshold of 2 mm.
All patients with at least one significant obstruction on QCA were correctly classified as having CAD with MSCT. This suggests that the current generation of scanners may be a suitable tool to triage patients with stable angina who are being considered for revascularization. Further studies are needed to determine the role of this technique in the clinical workup of patients with other presentations of coronary disease or who are being evaluated to exclude significant disease.
Study limitations.
Only patients with stable angina were included in this study. Whether a broader group of patients might benefit from this technique (excluding patients with severe arrhythmia) must be explored, but there are no reasons to believe that results would differ in patients with acute coronary syndromes.
In our study we noted that the sensitivity of detection for noncalcified obstructive lesions tended to be lower. This is caused by the fact that these lesions have a relatively low tissue contrast and may be missed, especially in small vessel segments. This may be problematic in younger patients with a lower likelihood of lesion calcification. Dedicated automatic software that is able to detect and calculate the degree of coronary stenoses would improve diagnostic accuracy.
The high radiation exposure during MSCT coronary angiography, which is reported between 6.7 and 13.0 mSv (5,11,12), remains a matter of concern. Further fine-tuning of the prospective X-ray tube current modulation and development of new features lowering radiation exposure is highly desirable.
Conclusions.
Multislice spiral computed tomography coronary angiography permits reliable detection of CAD in a population of patients in sinus rhythm with stable angina.
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J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
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[Abstract]
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N Sekhri, G S Feder, C Junghans, H Hemingway, and A D Timmis
How effective are rapid access chest pain clinics? Prognosis of incident angina and non-cardiac chest pain in 8762 consecutive patients
Heart,
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M. F. Di Carli and R. Hachamovitch
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Circulation,
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J. M Schussler and P. A Grayburn
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E Ghersin, J Lessick, D Litmanovich, A Engel, and S Reisner
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S. Achenbach
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M. Dewey, M. Muller, S. Eddicks, D. Schnapauff, F. Teige, W. Rutsch, A. C. Borges, and B. Hamm
Evaluation of Global and Regional Left Ventricular Function With 16-Slice Computed Tomography, Biplane Cineventriculography, and Two-Dimensional Transthoracic Echocardiography: Comparison With Magnetic Resonance Imaging
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
November 21, 2006;
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M. Hamon, G. G.L. Biondi-Zoccai, P. Malagutti, P. Agostoni, R. Morello, M. Valgimigli, and M. Hamon
Diagnostic Performance of Multislice Spiral Computed Tomography of Coronary Arteries as Compared With Conventional Invasive Coronary Angiography: A Meta-Analysis
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
November 7, 2006;
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S. Leschka, S. Wildermuth, T. Boehm, L. Desbiolles, L. Husmann, A. Plass, P. Koepfli, T. Schepis, B. Marincek, P. A. Kaufmann, et al.
Noninvasive Coronary Angiography with 64-Section CT: Effect of Average Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability on Image Quality
Radiology,
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M. J. Budoff, S. Achenbach, R. S. Blumenthal, J. J. Carr, J. G. Goldin, P. Greenland, A. D. Guerci, J. A.C. Lima, D. J. Rader, G. D. Rubin, et al.
Assessment of Coronary Artery Disease by Cardiac Computed Tomography: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Committee on Cardiovascular Imaging and Intervention, Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention, and Committee on Cardiac Imaging, Council on Clinical Cardiology
Circulation,
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N E Manghat, G J Morgan-Hughes, I D Cox, and C A Roobottom
Giant coronary artery aneurysm secondary to Kawasaki disease: diagnosis in an adult by multi-detector row CT coronary angiography.
Br. J. Radiol.,
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F. Cademartiri, N. R. Mollet, P. A. Lemos, F. Saia, M. Midiri, P. J. de Feyter, and G. P. Krestin
Higher Intracoronary Attenuation Improves Diagnostic Accuracy in MDCT Coronary Angiography
Am. J. Roentgenol.,
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M. Dewey, F. Teige, D. Schnapauff, M. Laule, A. C. Borges, K.-D. Wernecke, T. Schink, G. Baumann, W. Rutsch, P. Rogalla, et al.
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Ann Intern Med,
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C. M. Jones, T. Athanasiou, N. Dunne, J. Kirby, S. Attaran, A. Chow, S. Purkayastha, and A. Darzi
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Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg.,
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Y. Onuma, K. Tanabe, G. Nakazawa, J. Aoki, H. Nakajima, K. Ibukuro, and K. Hara
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[Abstract]
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K. Yamanaka, M. Fujita, K. Doi, H. Tsuneyoshi, A. Yamazato, K. Ueno, E. Zen, and M. Komeda
Multislice Computed Tomography Accurately Quantifies Left Atrial Size and Function After the MAZE Procedure
Circulation,
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[Abstract]
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A. Plass, J. Grunenfelder, S. Leschka, H. Alkadhi, F. R. Eberli, S. Wildermuth, G. Zund, and M. Genoni
Coronary artery imaging with 64-slice computed tomography from cardiac surgical perspective.
Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg.,
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K. Nikolaou, A. Knez, C. Rist, B. J. Wintersperger, A. Leber, T. Johnson, M. F. Reiser, and C. R. Becker
Accuracy of 64-MDCT in the diagnosis of ischemic heart disease.
Am. J. Roentgenol.,
July 1, 2006;
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[Abstract]
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K. Nikolaou, C. Rist, B. J. Wintersperger, T. F. Jakobs, R. van Gessel, M. A. Kirchin, A. Knez, F. von Ziegler, M. F. Reiser, and C. R. Becker
Clinical value of MDCT in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease in patients with a low pretest likelihood of significant disease.
Am. J. Roentgenol.,
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[Abstract]
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U. Hoffmann, M. Ferencik, R. C. Cury, and A. J. Pena
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Heart,
May 1, 2006;
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[Abstract]
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M. A.S. Cordeiro and J. A.C. Lima
Atherosclerotic plaque characterization by multidetector row computed tomography angiography.
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
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[Abstract]
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C. A.G. Van Mieghem, E. P. McFadden, P. J. de Feyter, N. Bruining, J. A. Schaar, N. R. Mollet, F. Cademartiri, D. Goedhart, S. de Winter, G. R. Granillo, et al.
Noninvasive Detection of Subclinical Coronary Atherosclerosis Coupled With Assessment of Changes in Plaque Characteristics Using Novel Invasive Imaging Modalities: The Integrated Biomarker and Imaging Study (IBIS)
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
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M. Yamamoto, F. Kimura, H. Niinami, Y. Suda, E. Ueno, and Y. Takeuchi
Noninvasive Assessment of Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery by 16-Channel Multidetector-Row Computed Tomography
Ann. Thorac. Surg.,
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[Abstract]
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E. Ghersin, D. Litmanovich, R. Dragu, S. Rispler, J. Lessick, A. Ofer, O. R. Brook, L. Gruberg, R. Beyar, and A. Engel
16-MDCT Coronary Angiography Versus Invasive Coronary Angiography in Acute Chest Pain Syndrome: A Blinded Prospective Study
Am. J. Roentgenol.,
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N E Manghat, G J Morgan-Hughes, A J Marshall, and C A Roobottom
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P M Donnelly, J D S Higginson, and P D Hanley
Multidetector CT coronary angiography: have we found the holy grail of non-invasive coronary imaging?
Heart,
November 1, 2005;
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[Abstract]
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T Beck, C Burgstahler, A Kuettner, A F Kopp, M Heuschmid, C D Claussen, and S Schroeder
Clinical use of multislice spiral computed tomography in 210 highly preselected patients: experience with 4 and 16 slice technology
Heart,
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[Abstract]
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T. Gaspar, D. A. Halon, B. S. Lewis, S. Adawi, J. E. Schliamser, R. Rubinshtein, M. Y. Flugelman, and N. Peled
Diagnosis of Coronary In-Stent Restenosis With Multidetector Row Spiral Computed Tomography
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N. R. Mollet, F. Cademartiri, C. A.G. van Mieghem, G. Runza, E. P. McFadden, T. Baks, P. W. Serruys, G. P. Krestin, and P. J. de Feyter
High-Resolution Spiral Computed Tomography Coronary Angiography in Patients Referred for Diagnostic Conventional Coronary Angiography
Circulation,
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S. Achenbach, D. Ropers, F.-K. Pohle, D. Raaz, J. von Erffa, A. Yilmaz, G. Muschiol, and W. G. Daniel
Detection of coronary artery stenoses using multi-detector CT with 16x0.75 collimation and 375 ms rotation
Eur. Heart J.,
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[Abstract]
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C. Kaiser, J. Bremerich, S. Haller, H. P. Brunner-La Rocca, G. Bongartz, M. Pfisterer, and P. Buser
Limited diagnostic yield of non-invasive coronary angiography by 16-slice multi-detector spiral computed tomography in routine patients referred for evaluation of coronary artery disease
Eur. Heart J.,
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[Abstract]
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R. J. Gibbons and P. A. Araoz
The Year in Cardiac Imaging
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
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S. Leschka, H. Alkadhi, A. Plass, L. Desbiolles, J. Grunenfelder, B. Marincek, and S. Wildermuth
Accuracy of MSCT coronary angiography with 64-slice technology: first experience
Eur. Heart J.,
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A. Schmermund and R. Erbel
Non-invasive computed tomographic coronary angiography: the end of the beginning
Eur. Heart J.,
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A. W. Leber, A. Knez, F. von Ziegler, A. Becker, K. Nikolaou, S. Paul, B. Wintersperger, M. Reiser, C. R. Becker, G. Steinbeck, et al.
Quantification of Obstructive and Nonobstructive Coronary Lesions by 64-Slice Computed Tomography: A Comparative Study With Quantitative Coronary Angiography and Intravascular Ultrasound
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A Kuettner, T Beck, T Drosch, K Kettering, M Heuschmid, C Burgstahler, C D Claussen, A F Kopp, and S Schroeder
Image quality and diagnostic accuracy of non-invasive coronary imaging with 16 detector slice spiral computed tomography with 188 ms temporal resolution
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M. H. K. Hoffmann, H. Shi, B. L. Schmitz, F. T. Schmid, M. Lieberknecht, R. Schulze, B. Ludwig, U. Kroschel, N. Jahnke, W. Haerer, et al.
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M. J. Garcia
Noninvasive Coronary Angiography: Hype or New Paradigm?
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N. R Mollet, F. Cademartiri, and P. J de Feyter
Non-invasive multislice CT coronary imaging
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A. Kuettner, T. Beck, T. Drosch, K. Kettering, M. Heuschmid, C. Burgstahler, C. D. Claussen, A. F. Kopp, and S. Schroeder
Diagnostic accuracy of noninvasive coronary imaging using 16-detector slice spiral computed tomography with 188 ms temporal resolution
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N. R. Mollet, F. Cademartiri, G. P. Krestin, E. P. McFadden, C. A. Arampatzis, P. W. Serruys, and P. J. de Feyter
Improved diagnostic accuracy with 16-row multi-slice computed tomography coronary angiography
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A. N. DeMaria, O. Ben-Yehuda, D. Berman, G. K. Feld, B. H. Greenberg, J. D. Knoke, K. U. Knowlton, W. Y.W. Lew, J. Narula, D. Sahn, et al.
Highlights of the year in JACC 2004
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P. R. Moreno and V. Fuster
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R. J. Gibbons and P. A. Araoz
The year in cardiac imaging
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P. G. Danias, A. Roussakis, and J. P.A. Ioannidis
Diagnostic performance of coronary magnetic resonance angiography as compared against conventional x-ray angiography: A meta-analysis
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Abstract
Methods