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J Am Coll Cardiol, 2004; 43:2242-2246, doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.03.033 © 2004 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation |
* Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
Department of Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
Manuscript received September 3, 2003; revised manuscript received February 25, 2004, accepted March 23, 2004.
* Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Patricia A. Pellikka, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
pellikka.patricia{at}mayo.edu
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Abstract |
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BACKGROUND: Little information exists regarding outcome of patients with dyspnea.
METHODS: We identified 443 patients with unexplained dyspnea, 2,033 with chest pain, and 587 with both symptoms referred for exercise echocardiography.
RESULTS: Compared to those with chest pain alone, patients referred for dyspnea alone were older, predominately men, and had lower workload, lower ejection fraction (EF), more prior myocardial infarction (MI), and abnormal rest electrocardiograms. Patients with both symptoms were similar to those with dyspnea, but more had prior revascularization. Exercise echocardiography showed ischemia in 42% of patients with dyspnea, 19% with chest pain, and 58% with both symptoms. During 3.1 ± 1.8 years follow-up, cardiac death (5.2% vs. 0.9%, p < 0.0001) and nonfatal MI (4.7% vs. 2.0%, p < 0.0001) occurred more often in patients with dyspnea. Events in patients with both symptoms were similar to those with dyspnea, except for revascularization (20% vs. 13%, p = 0.0004). For patients with dyspnea, independent predictors of events were previous MI (hazard ratio [HR] 3.35, p < 0.0001), male gender (HR 1.94, p = 0.0252), EF (HR 0.95/10% increment, p < 0.0001), and increase in wall motion score index with exercise (HR 4.19/0.25 U, p < 0.0001), but not chest pain.
CONCLUSIONS: Patients with unexplained dyspnea have a high likelihood of ischemia and an increased incidence of cardiac events. Exercise echocardiography provides independent information for identifying patients at risk. In patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease, dyspnea is a symptom requiring investigation.
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Exercise echocardiography permits combined assessment of exercise capacity, left ventricular systolic function, and exercise-induced ischemia, and has been validated as a predictor of cardiac events. Its prognostic value has been assessed in multiple large populations (4–6); however, these studies included little or no information about dyspnea as the primary referral symptom. Similarly, studies involving exercise electrocardiography have not provided subset analysis of patients with dyspnea (7,8). In a large nuclear perfusion study, dyspnea was an independent predictor of cardiac death; however, this symptom was present in only 10% of the population (9).
The purpose of this study was to characterize the results of exercise echocardiography in patients referred for evaluation of dyspnea, and the outcome of this group. For reference, we compared this group to patients referred for evaluation of chest pain and patients referred for evaluation of both chest pain and dyspnea.
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Methods |
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Exercise echocardiography. All patients underwent symptom-limited treadmill exercise echocardiography according to previously described methods (4). Exercise was performed according to the Bruce protocol in 2,734 patients, Naughton in 150 patients, and modified Bruce in 179 patients.
Wall motion was scored according to a 16-segment model, in which 1 = normal or hyperdynamic, 2 = hypokinetic, 3 = akinetic, 4 = dyskinetic, and 5 = aneurysm (11). Wall motion score index (WMSI) was calculated at rest and with exercise as the sum of segmental scores divided by number of segments. New or worsening wall motion with exercise was considered indicative of myocardial ischemia. Wall motion abnormalities present at rest and unchanged with exercise were classified as fixed. Exercise echocardiography was considered abnormal if ischemia or fixed wall motion abnormalities were present.
Follow-up. The Social Security Agency Death Index was used to ascertain survival status. Additionally, follow-up for cardiac events (4) was available in 1,016 of 1,030 (99%) patients with dyspnea and 1,966 of 2,033 (97%) patients with chest pain.
End points were cardiac events, including nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI) and cardiac death, and all-cause mortality. Patients who had coronary revascularization before other events were censored at the time of revascularization for the cardiac event analysis. No censoring was performed for analysis of all-cause mortality.
Statistical analysis. Continuous variables were reported as mean ± SD; comparisons between groups were based on the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Group comparisons were based on the chi-square test. Survival was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariable and multivariable associations of clinical and exercise echocardiographic variables with cardiac events were assessed in the Cox proportional hazards framework. Variables were selected in a stepwise forward selection manner with entry and retention set at a significance level of 0.05. Parameters with univariate significance were considered for multivariate analysis.
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Results |
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Predictors of cardiac events for patients with dyspnea. Univariate and multivariate predictors of cardiac events in dyspneic patients are presented in Table 4. Ejection fraction (EF) and change in WMSI were independently predictive of cardiac events. Chest pain, typical angina, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, mild lung disease, smoking, and NYHA functional class were not predictive.
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Discussion |
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Compared to those with chest pain, patients with dyspnea alone had twice the incidence of positive (42% vs. 19%) and abnormal exercise echocardiography (59% vs. 29%). During follow-up, patients with dyspnea alone had a higher incidence of MI (4.7% vs. 2.0%), cardiac death (5.2% vs. 0.9%), and all-cause mortality (11.7% vs. 2.3%). Patients with both chest pain and dyspnea were more likely to have positive exercise echocardiography or revascularization, but had other event rates similar to those with dyspnea alone.
It is accepted that the probability of CAD among patients with chest pain depends on the quality of the symptom (10,12). Therefore, we compared the group with dyspnea alone to those with typical angina. Patients with dyspnea remained at increased risk, with an event rate double that of patients with typical angina.
Results of exercise echocardiography were independently predictive of cardiac events among dyspneic patients. Multivariate analysis showed that exercise-induced change in WMSI, an indicator of extent and severity of ischemia, was associated with worse outcome. Male gender, EF, and history of MI were also independent predictors of cardiac events.
Dyspnea is a subjective symptom with multiple potential etiologies. Smoking, a contributor to lung and heart disease, was not predictive of events in our patients. The relationship of dyspnea to functional capacity is imperfect (13), yet workload was independently predictive of mortality. Although symptoms during exercise testing do not correlate well with the severity of ventricular dysfunction (14), EF was an independent predictor of cardiac events and all-cause mortality. Dyspnea may be a manifestation of increased filling pressures or heart failure, which is generally associated with a poor prognosis, even when symptoms are mild (15). Lastly, dyspnea may represent a more advanced state of heart disease. Silent ischemia and dyspnea as an anginal equivalent are well described in patients with diabetes mellitus or after coronary artery bypass grafting, but also occur in others (16).
Diastolic function was not assessed in our patients and may have accounted for symptoms or events as recent data have demonstrated increased mortality in subjects with diastolic dysfunction (17,18). Assessment of diastolic function during exercise has been shown to be feasible (19) and may be beneficial in dyspneic patients
Study limitations. Patients with lung disease precluding satisfactory echocardiographic images or with recognized noncardiac explanation for dyspnea were excluded. This may have resulted in a concentration of cardiac explanations for dyspnea in this population. However, screening for underlying lung disease was not standardized, so it is probable that patients with noncardiac causes of dyspnea were included. Lastly, all patients were able to perform exercise testing, and most were NYHA functional class I to II. The significance of dyspnea that prevents exercise testing may be different.
Conclusion. Patients with dyspnea have a high likelihood of ischemia and a high incidence of cardiac events during follow-up. Exercise echocardiography provides independent information for identifying patients at risk of cardiac events. In patients with known or suspected CAD, dyspnea is a serious symptom that requires investigation.
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Footnotes |
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