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Figure 5 Pulmonary vein stenosis induced by radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation. Left upper pulmonary vein stenosis (arrow) is seen by two-dimensional echocardiography (left), and the peak velocities of pulmonary venous systolic (S) and early diastolic (D) waves are markedly increased (right). Ao = ascending aorta; AR = pulmonary venous atrial reversal wave; LA = left atrium; LPV = left upper pulmonary vein.
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