| Study (Ref.) |
Design; Number of Subjects (n); and Age (years) |
Time of Sampling |
Oral Estrogen |
Transdermal Estrogen |
|
| Andersen et al. (38) |
Active treatment and reference group; n = 60; age 40–60 years |
Baseline and 3, 6, and 12 months |
Estradiol valerate, 2 mg/day (cont or cyc) + CA, 1 mg/day |
Not administered |
| Boschetti et al. (39) |
Random allocation; n = 40 |
Baseline and 2, 4, and 12 months |
CEE, 0.625 mg (3 one-week cycles) + MPA, 10 mg/day (third week) |
Transdermal estradiol, 0.05 mg/day (3 one-week cycles) + MPA, 10 mg/day (third week) |
| Chen et al. (40) |
n = 41 |
Baseline and 3, 6, and 12 months |
Estradiol valerate, 2 mg/day (cont or cyc) + CA, 1 mg |
Estradiol, 1.5 mg + MPA, 5 mg |
| Cushman et al. (36) |
PEPI: randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled; n = 383; mean age 56 years |
Baseline and 12 and 36 months |
CEE, 0.625 mg; CEE + MPA, 10 mg/day (cyc); CEE + MPA, 2.5 mg/day (cont); CEE + MP, 200 mg/day (cyc) |
Not administered |
| Cushman et al. (41) |
Cardiovascular health study: population-based, longitudinal; n = 290; mean age 73 years |
Annually |
CEE (92%); CEE + MPA (cont or cyc) |
Not administered |
| DeMitrio et al. (42) |
Hysterectomized women; n = 28; age range 44–65 years (mean 47) |
Baseline and 4 months |
Not administered |
17-beta-estradiol, 50 µg/24 h |
| Gilabert et al. (11) |
n = 12 oral, n = 12 transdermal |
Baseline and 3–4 and 12 months |
Estradiol valerate, 2 mg/day + MPA, 2.5 mg/day |
Estradiol, 0.5 mg + MPA, 2.5 mg/day |
| Gottsater et al. (43) |
Part 1: double-blind, randomized trial for 3 months; part 2: open study for 9 months; postmenopausal women; n = 51; age range 53–54 years |
Baseline and 3 and 12 months |
Estradiol valerate, 2 mg + MPA, 10 mg for 10 days every 3 months |
Not administered |
| Hoibraaten et al. (44) |
Estrogen in women with atherosclerosis study: open randomized trial; n = 118; age <71 years |
Baseline and 3 and 12 months |
Not administered |
17-beta-estradiol, 50 µg/24 h + MPA, 5 mg (cyc) |
| Koh et al. (5) |
Randomized, crossover; n = 50 (30 oral, 20 transdermal); mean age for oral 55 years, mean age for transdermal 56 years |
Baseline and 1 month |
CEE, 0.625 mg/day or CEE, 0.625 mg/day + MPA, 2.5 mg |
Estradiol, 0.1 mg/day or estradiol, 0.1 mg/day + MPA, 2.5 mg |
| Kroon et al. (10) |
Crossover; n = 23; age  65 years |
Baseline and 6 weeks |
CEE, 0.625 mg/day |
17-beta-estradiol, 0.05 mg/day |
| Lindoff et al. (45) |
Open, prospective trial with active treatment vs. control; n = 42 treated, n = 18 untreated |
2 years |
Not administered |
17-beta-estradiol, 50 µg/24 h + MPA, 5 mg (cyc) |
| Luyer et al. (46) |
Placebo-controlled; n = 26; age range 55–80 years |
Baseline and 3 months |
CEE, 0.625 mg/day |
Not administered |
| Scarabin et al. (15) |
Open, randomized trial with control group; n = 45; age 45–64 years |
Baseline and 6 months |
17-beta-estradiol, 2 mg/day + MP, 200 mg/day (cyc) |
17-beta-estradiol gel, 2.5 mg/day + MP, 200 mg/day (cyc) |
| Seljeflot et al. (47) |
Postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease; n = 98; age range 59–71 years |
Baseline and 3 and 12 months |
Not administered |
17-beta-estradiol, 50 µg/day + sequential MPA, 5 mg for 14 days every third month |
| Shahar et al. (13) |
ARIC study cohort with case control; n = 59; age 45–64 years |
Baseline |
Estrogen or estrogen progestin combination; type not specified |
Not specified |
| Teede et al. (48) |
Double-blind, placebo-controlled; n = 42; age 50–75 years |
Baseline and 6 weeks |
Estradiol, 2 mg + continuous norethisterone acetate, 1 mg |
Not administered |
| van Baal et al. (35) |
Prospective, randomized, open; n = 27; mean age 52 years |
Baseline and 3, 12, and 15 months |
Micronized estradiol, 1 mg + dydrogesterone, 5–10 mg or micronized estradiol, 2 mg + dydrogesterone |
Not administered |
| Vehkavaara et al. (49) |
Randomized, placebo-controlled; n = 27; age  52 years; mean age 55 years |
Baseline and 2 and 12 weeks |
Estradiol, 2 mg |
Estradiol, 50 µg/day |
| Winkler et al. (12) |
n = 42 |
Baseline and 3 months |
CEE, 0.6 mg + medrogestone, 5 mg (cyc) |
17-beta-estradiol 50 µg/day |
