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Figure 4 Enhancement of the dobutamine (Dob) response with long-term cardiac support device (CSD) treatment. (A) Example of pressure–volume loops and relations during early dobutamine infusion stimulation at baseline and after long-term CSD treatment. The pre-dobutamine end-systolic pressure–volume relation (ESVPR) (control) is shown for baseline and CSD treatment. Before CSD placement, the dobutamine response was very small, with only a slight leftward shift in the ESPVR. However, the magnitude of the response to this same dose was greatly augmented by long-term CSD treatment. (B) Percent changes in systolic function in response to dobutamine, comparing baseline with CSD treatment. Substantial increases were observed in response to multiple ejection variables: CO = cardiac output; EF = ejection fraction; SV = stroke volume; SW = stroke work; power index = maximal power/end-diastolic volume (EDV)2. *p  0.001 and  p < 0.02 compared with baseline response, by three-way analysis of variance of raw data.
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