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J Am Coll Cardiol, 2002; 39:142-147
© 2002 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation
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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

Short-term endothelin receptor blockade with tezosentan has both immediate and long-term beneficial effects in rats with myocardial infarction

Martine Clozel, MD*,*, Changbin Qiu, MD, PhD*{dagger}, Chang-Shen Qiu*{dagger}, Patrick Hess* and Jean-Paul Clozel, MD*

* Actelion Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland
{dagger} Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai, China

Manuscript received February 22, 2001; revised manuscript received September 10, 2001, accepted September 10, 2001.

* Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Martine Clozel, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Innovation Center, Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland.
martine.clozel{at}actelion.com


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Materials and methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
OBJECTIVES: We investigated the effects of short-term tezosentan treatment on cardiac function, pulmonary edema and long-term evolution of heart failure (HF) in a rat model of myocardial infarction (MI).

BACKGROUND: Endothelin (ET) may play a major role in the progression from MI to HF. Tezosentan is a new dual ETA/ETB receptor antagonist.

METHODS: Rats were subjected to coronary artery ligation and were treated with either vehicle or tezosentan (10 mg/kg IV bolus) at 1 h and 24 h after MI. Cardiac hemodynamics and lung weight were measured at 48 h after MI. Survival was assessed over a five-month period.

RESULTS: At 48 h after ligation, vehicle-treated rats developed HF, as evidenced by a marked increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), reduction in dP/dtmax and mean arterial pressure (MAP), and development of pulmonary edema. Tezosentan treatment attenuated the increase in LVEDP and in lung weight and slightly reduced MAP without affecting dP/dtmax. Infarct size was not modified by tezosentan. Despite the fact that treatment with tezosentan was stopped after 24 h, the initial tezosentan administration significantly reduced cardiac hypertrophy (22%) and decreased mortality by 51% at five months (50% survival vs. 19% survival in vehicle-treated rats, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS: Tezosentan administered during the first day after MI in rats, in addition to improving acutely hemodynamic conditions, markedly increases long-term survival. This increase is associated with a decrease of pulmonary edema and prevention of cardiac hypertrophy. Tezosentan could be a safe and useful therapeutic agent in the prevention and treatment of ischemic HF.

Abbreviations and Acronyms
  BW
  body weight
  CHF
  chronic heart failure
  ET
  endothelin
  HF
  heart failure
  HR
  heart rate
  LV
  left ventricle
  LVdP/dtmax+
  maximal rate of positive rise of left ventricular pressure
  LVEDP
  left ventricle end-diastolic pressure
  MAP
  mean arterial pressure
  MI
  myocardial infarction
  RV
  right ventricle, right ventricular

Endothelin (ET) plays a major role in the pathophysiology of chronic heart failure (CHF) (1,2). Significant elevations of plasma big ET-1 and ET-1 levels are observed in animal models and patients with CHF, and these elevations are strongly related to survival in patients with CHF (1–8). The transition from left ventricular (LV) dysfunction to overt heart failure (HF) can be prevented by long-term treatment with the dual ET receptor antagonist bosentan. Long-term treatment with bosentan has a beneficial effect on hemodynamics in animal models and in patients with CHF (3–5,9–12). Long-term treatment with ET receptor antagonists greatly improves the survival of rats with CHF (9,10).

Endothelin may play also an important role in the consequence of myocardial infarction (MI). Endothelin-1 levels are markedly elevated in patients with MI or unstable angina (13), and plasma concentrations of ET-1 are the best predictive factor of one-year mortality after MI (8). Finally, long-term treatment with bosentan prevents the development of cardiac hypertrophy and ventricular dilation when started early (14,15) or late (9) after MI induction in rats. However, little is known on the effects of ET receptor antagonists in the acute phase (first 2 days) after MI and whether a short-term (<2 days) ET receptor blockade could have a long-lasting beneficial effect.

Tezosentan is a new, potent dual ETA/ETB receptor antagonist designed for parenteral use (16). It is currently in advanced clinical development for the treatment of acute HF. The present study was designed to investigate in a rat model whether acute ET receptor blockade with tezosentan has short-term and long-term beneficial effects after MI. For this purpose, the effects of tezosentan on cardiac function and pulmonary edema were evaluated two days after MI. Then survival was evaluated during the five months after MI while treatment with tezosentan was given only for 24 h after MI.

The present study shows that ET receptor blockade can have long-lasting beneficial effects after MI, even when given only during the first day after MI.


   Materials and methods
Top
 Abstract
 Materials and methods
Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Studies were performed on 218 male normotensive Wistar rats weighing 200 to ~270 g. All rats were housed in climate-controlled conditions with a 12-h light/dark cycle and free access to normal rat chow and drinking water. The animals were handled according to the "Position of the American Heart Association on Research Animal Use" adopted November 11, 1984, by the American Heart Association.

Induction of MI.   Myocardial infarction was produced using a previously described method (9). In brief, rats were anesthetized with a mixture of ketamine-Rompun (50 mg/kg to 5 mg/kg, IP). The trachea was intubated (20G cannula), and the lungs were ventilated with a rodent ventilator (Model 7025 Rodent Ventilator, Hugo Sachs Elektronik, March-Hugstetten, Germany) at a rate of 60 cycles/min and a tidal volume of 1 ml/100 g body weight (BW). A left thoracotomy was performed, and the left coronary artery was ligated approximately 2 mm from its origin with a 6-0 silk suture, between the pulmonary artery outflow tract and left atrium. The sham-operated rats were subjected to the same procedure, except that the coronary artery was not ligated. The chest was then closed in three layers (ribs, muscles and skin). The remaining air was aspirated from the thorax, allowing the rats to resume spontaneous respiration. The rats were allowed to recover from anesthesia and returned to their cages.

Evaluation of the effects of tezosentan.   Tezosentan (Ro 61-0612, 10 mg/kg, IV) or vehicle (saline, 1 ml/kg, IV) was administered at 1 h and 24 h after MI. Sham-operated rats were treated with saline at the same time points. Different sets of experiments were then performed.

Cardiac hemodynamics at 48 h
Cardiac hemodynamics was assessed at 48 h after coronary ligation or sham operation. Rats subjected to coronary artery ligation were treated with tezosentan (n = 11) or vehicle (n = 10). The third group consisted of sham-operated rats (n = 7). At 48 h after MI, rats were anesthetized with sodium hexobarbital (Inactin, 100 mg/kg, IP). Body temperature was maintained at 36 to 38°C, and a tracheotomy was performed. A 2F high-fidelity catheter (SPR-249, Millar Instruments Inc., Houston, Texas) was inserted via the right carotid artery into the left ventricle (LV) for recording of LV pressures, heart rate (HR) and maximal rate of rise of LV pressure (dP/dtmax). A polyethylene catheter was placed into the left femoral artery and connected to a pressure transducer (MLT1050 precision BP transducer, AD Instruments, Hastings, United Kingdom) for continuous blood pressure measurement. The data acquisition system consisted of a PowerLab (ML780 PowerLab/8s and ML118 QUAD amplifiers, AD Instruments, Hastings, United Kingdom) connected to a HP Pavilion 8565C computer with Chart software (version 3.4, AD Instruments, Hastings, United Kingdom).

After surgery and a stabilization period of 15 min, mean arterial pressure (MAP), LV systolic pressure, LV end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), HR and dP/dtmax were recorded for 30 min. Calibration of the Millar catheter was verified before and after each measurement.

Lung weight and morphology
In another set of experiments, lung weight was determined in the same three groups of animals: MI rats treated with tezosentan (n = 23) or vehicle (n = 24) and sham-operated rats (n = 10). The rats were sacrificed 48 h after coronary artery ligation or sham operation, and the lungs were removed and weighed. The lungs were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin. Sections of 4 µm thickness were stained with hematoxillin and eosin and examined under light microscopy. In this set of experiments, morphometric evaluation of the LV was performed to determine the infarct size, as described below.

Long-term survival study
In a third study, infarct size, cardiac weight and survival rate were analyzed after MI and treatment with tezosentan or saline. Three groups of rats, tezosentan-treated rats (n = 54), vehicle-treated rats (n = 59) and sham-operated rats (n = 20), were studied over 150 days. Animals were inspected for death twice a day on weekdays and daily on weekends and holidays. For each rat dying beyond seven days after MI and during the five-month period, BW was measured, and the heart was dissected and weighed. The right ventricle (RV) and LV plus septum (LV+S) were separated and weighed. Morphometric evaluation of the LV was performed to determine the infarct size. The animals surviving at 150 days after coronary ligation were sacrificed and similar measurements were performed. Body and heart weights (total heart, RV, LV+S) were measured, and the LV was processed for morphometric evaluation of infarct size.

Morphometric evaluation of infarct size
After dissection, the LV+S was fixed in 10% buffered formalin for morphometric evaluation of infarct size. The LV was cut from apex to base into four transverse segments. The middle two segments, representing the bulk of the LV, were embedded in paraffin, sectioned and stained. Four slices from these segments were projected onto a screen for morphometry. The entire length of the endocardial circumference and the segment of the endocardial circumference represented by the infarcted segment of each of the four slices of the LV were measured. The entire length of the epicardial circumference and the segment of the epicardial circumference represented by the infarcted segment of each of the four slices of the LV were measured. These were then averaged for each of the four slices. The fraction of the infarcted ventricle was calculated as the average of the four slices expressed as a percent of the length of circumference.

Statistical analysis
All data are presented as mean ± SEM. Statistical analysis was performed by analysis of variance using Statistica (StatSoft) for assessing the differences in variables between groups. Significant differences were then subjected to post-hoc analysis using the Student-Newman-Keuls procedure. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05. Survival analysis was performed by a log-rank test using SAS for assessing the difference between the two groups. Statistical significance was defined by a p value <0.05.


   Results
Top
 Abstract
 Materials and methods
 Results
Discussion
 References
 
Cardiac hemodynamics at 48 h.   Compared with sham-operated rats, vehicle-treated MI rats developed HF, which was characterized by a highly significant increase in LVEDP with mean values of 19.4 ± 1.5 mm Hg versus 2.8 ± 0.6 mm Hg (p < 0.001) and by significant decreases in the maximal rate of rise of LV pressure (LV dP/dtmax) and MAP (Table 1). Tezosentan administered at 1 h and 24 h after MI significantly reduced LVEDP by 55% compared with vehicle-treated MI rats (p < 0.001). Mean arterial pressure tended to be lower in tezosentan-treated compared with vehicle-treated rats. There was no significant effect on LV dP/dtmax (Table 1).


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  		Table 1 Cardiac Hemodynamics at 48 h After MI or Sham Operation

 
Lung weight and morphology.   Baseline values of BW were similar in all groups before surgery. At 48 h after MI, vehicle-treated rats had a significantly lower BW compared with sham-operated rats. Tezosentan significantly reduced the BW loss compared with vehicle-treated rats. Lung weight and lung weight/BW increased compared with sham-operated animals, suggesting that pulmonary edema occurred in the acute phase following coronary artery ligation. Treatment with tezosentan at 1 h and 24 h attenuated the increase in lung weight and lung weight/BW at 48 h compared with vehicle-treated rats (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2).



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  		Figure 1 Effects of tezosentan on lung weights at 48 h after myocardial infarction (MI) or sham operation. Tezosentan (10 mg/kg, IV; MI + tezo) or vehicle (saline, 1 ml/kg, IV; MI + veh) was injected at 1 h and 24 h after MI. Sham-operated rats (Sham) received vehicle at the same time points. Lung weight was measured at 48 h after MI or sham operation. BW = body weight; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.

 


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  		Figure 2 Light micrographs of the lungs at 48 h after myocardial infarction (MI) or sham operation. Tezosentan (10 mg/kg, IV; MI + tezo) or vehicle (saline, 1 ml/kg, IV; MI + veh) was injected at 1 h and 24 h after MI. Tezosentan largely prevented the lung damage (overt capillary dilation and eosin-like edematous materials) seen in the vehicle-treated MI rats (MI + veh). In sham-operated rats (Sham), no pulmonary capillary dilation or edema was observed at 48 h after operation. Hematoxillin eosin stain, x 100.

 
In this set of experiments, tezosentan had no effect on infarct size (38 ± 2% vs. 41 ± 1% in MI + Veh) at 48 h after MI.

Long-term survival study.   At baseline, there was no significant difference in BW among the three groups of animals.

Body and heart weight
Coronary artery ligation induced a significant decrease in BW (293 ± 10 g vs. 399 ± 15 g; p < 0.001) and marked increases in HW/BW, RV/BW and LV+S/BW compared with sham-operated animals. Tezosentan significantly prevented decrease in BW (335 ± 9 g vs. 293 ± 10 g; p < 0.01) and the increase in heart weight and RV weight (Table 2). Heart weight and LV and RV weight were significantly reduced by tezosentan when corrected by BW.


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  		Table 2 Effects of Tezosentan on Heart Weights After MI or Sham Operation

 
Infarct size
There was no significant difference in infarct size between tezosentan-treated rats and vehicle-treated rats (36 ± 1% vs. 38 ± 1%).

Survival
The mortality during surgery or within 1 h post-ligation was <1%. During the five-month observation period, none of the sham-operated rats died. The five-month survival of vehicle-treated rats with MI was 19%. Administration of tezosentan at 1 h and 24 h after coronary artery ligation significantly increased the long-term survival. The five-month survival of rats treated with tezosentan was 50%, compared with 19% in vehicle-treated rats (p < 0.001) (Fig. 3).



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  		Figure 3 Kaplan-Meier curves showing the effects of tezosentan on survival rate of rats after myocardial infarction (MI) or sham operation. Tezosentan (10 mg/kg, IV; MI + tezo) or vehicle (saline, 1 ml/kg, IV; MI + veh) was injected at 1 h and 24 h after MI. Sham-operated rats (Sham) received vehicle at the same time points.

 

   Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 Materials and methods
 Results
 Discussion
References
 
This study demonstrates that acute and early administration of the dual ET receptor antagonist tezosentan prevents the development of HF and pulmonary edema and significantly increases the survival rate after MI in rats. The rat model of MI by coronary artery ligation is well characterized. The pattern of evolution to overt HF in rats shares many of the features of CHF in humans. Hemodynamic measurements at 48 h after coronary artery ligation show depressed cardiac performance. The increase in lung weight and pulmonary edema may be due to diastolic dysfunction that was favorably modified by tezosentan. Indeed, tezosentan decreased LVEDP without having any significant effect on HR and on cardiac contractility (dP/dtmax). Furthermore, tezosentan largely prevented significant increase in lung weight and morphological signs of pulmonary edema in the acute phase of HF. Finally, tezosentan reduced the development of cardiac hypertrophy.

Long-term effects of tezosentan.   The main finding of this study is the prevention of long-term mortality after MI by early and short-term treatment with an ET receptor antagonist. Indeed, tezosentan decreased by 51% the five-month mortality of rats subjected to coronary artery ligation. Long-term treatment with the dual ET receptor antagonist bosentan has been shown to improve survival after MI (9). The effect of bosentan was associated with a decrease in LV dilation, cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, and with a decrease in BP and a moderate decrease in HR. In this study, treatment with bosentan was initiated seven days after MI. In other studies, bosentan initiated early after MI was also associated with a reduction in LV dilation (14,15). The present study confirms the beneficial effect of a dual ET receptor antagonist given early after MI. Moreover, it is the first study showing the long-term potential of an acute and short-term treatment with a dual ET receptor antagonist after MI.

The mechanism of this increased survival is most likely related to the prevention of the effects of ET-1. Endothelin-1 is a potent hypertrophic agent for cardiomyocytes and increases collagen production by cardiac fibroblasts (17). The orally active dual ET receptor antagonist bosentan decreased cardiac hypertrophy in animal models of hypertension (18,19) and HF (9). Bosentan also reduced cardiac hypertrophy induced by chronic norepinephrine infusion (20) and angiotensin II administration (21). In the present study, tezosentan may have prevented the consequences of the early surge in ET-1 that has been shown to occur in the present animal model (5,22) and in humans after MI (8). Because ET-1 plasma levels at three days after MI are considered the most predictive factor of one-year mortality in humans (8), the effect of this initial surge of ET-1 may have long-term consequences. Even though tezosentan treatment was short-lasting, one can speculate that it prevented the initial events leading to HF, such as release of other mediators, coronary and peripheral vasoconstriction and LV dysfunction. Accordingly, ET receptor blockade was shown to prevent the transition from hypertension to HF (23). Similarly in humans, even though the increase in ET-1 after MI is of short duration, this ET-1 surge seems to have long-term consequences (13).

Another hypothesis is that tezosentan reduced preload acutely, resulting in decreased infarct expansion, progressive wall thickening and chamber dilation.

Effects of tezosentan on pulmonary edema and cardiac function.   In addition to its long-term effects of reducing cardiac hypertrophy and mortality at five months after MI, tezosentan exhibited early beneficial effects. The prevention of pulmonary edema after MI by an ET receptor antagonist has not yet been described. Endothelin may indeed contribute to the pathogenesis of pulmonary edema in the acute phase of HF. Elevated plasma ET-1 levels have been reported in pulmonary edema (8,24). Endothelin-1 has pro-inflammatory effects and in particular enhances microvascular permeability (25). It has been shown that ET promotes lung edema and that an ET receptor antagonist reduces the lung edema induced by oleic acid or bicuculline (26–28). Bosentan has been shown to decrease albumin extravasation and to prevent reduction in plasma volume in different models of abnormal vascular permeability (29–31).

Tezosentan treatment also significantly prevented hemodynamic alterations after MI. Tezosentan decreased LVEDP without affecting HR and cardiac contractility (dP/dtmax). These results are in agreement with earlier reports showing that ET receptor blockade has a beneficial effect on hemodynamic parameters in CHF (3–5,9–12). The beneficial effects of tezosentan on hemodynamics and pulmonary edema may contribute to the reduced early mortality and the increased long-term survival seen in this study.

Effect of tezosentan on infarct size.   In contrast, the beneficial effects of tezosentan on survival are not secondary to a decrease in infarct size. Indeed, tezosentan had no significant effect on infarct size. Generally, in models of MI, ET receptor antagonists act primarily by eliciting coronary vasodilation when a post-ischemic vasoconstriction is observed during reperfusion (32). In MI models, bosentan was shown to be cardioprotective in some studies (33–35) but not others (36,37). Interestingly, in the present study performed in a permanent ischemia model using coronary artery ligation, there was no possibility for reperfusion.

Conclusions.   The results of the present study are in agreement with the results of studies performed with early administration of the dual ETA/ETB receptor antagonist bosentan. Indeed, long-term bosentan treatment initiated at 3 h (14) or 24 h (15) after MI in rats was associated with a reduction in LV dilation, ventricular dysfunction and ET-1 expression (14,15). The results obtained with the dual ETA/ETB receptor antagonists bosentan and tezosentan are in contrast with those obtained after administration of ETA selective antagonists early after MI. Indeed, early administration of ETA selective antagonists led to aggravation of LV function and worsening of pulmonary vascular remodeling (38–40). Similarly, delayed (seven days) administration of bosentan led to a marked reduction in mortality at nine months after MI in rats (9), whereas delayed administration of an ETA selective antagonist did not lead to reduction in mortality in two independent reports (39,41). In a dog model of MI, bosentan-treated, but not BQ-123-treated, dogs exhibited increased cardiac output, suggesting that blockade of ETB receptors alone or blockade of both ETA and ETB receptors is necessary to improve cardiac function in dogs also (42). Overall, there seems to be a discrepancy of effects between dual blockade of ETA and ETB receptors and selective blockade of ETA receptors, especially when treatment is initiated early after MI.

In conclusion, our results demonstrate that acute and short-term treatment with the dual ET receptor antagonist tezosentan markedly increased the long-term survival in a rat model of MI. This observation suggests that tezosentan could be a useful therapeutic agent in the prevention of long-term consequences of MI.


   Acknowledgments
 
The authors gratefully acknowledge the excellent technical assistance of Shuang-Shuang Ding and Jiang-Fei Xi, and thank Alexandra Zürrer for secretarial help in preparing this manuscript.


   Footnotes
 
This work was supported by Actelion Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland.


   References
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 Abstract
 Materials and methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 

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