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Figure 3 Atrial fibrillation alters the membrane distribution of connexins. Immunostaining for connexin43 (Cx43) (A,B) and connexin40 (Cx40) (C,D) in atrial tissue from patients with sinus rhythm (upper parts) and from patients with chronic atrial fibrillation (lower parts). The specific connexin signals either for Cx43 or for Cx40 are shown in green. The red arrows indicate the immunopositive cell poles, whereas the light blue arrows point to the lateral immunostaining. Diagrammatic representations of the corresponding tissue sections are shown on the right side. The yellowish stainings indicate deposition of lipofuscin, which is typical for human atrial tissue of adult or aged patients.
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