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Figure 3 Distribution of immunohistochemical grades for von Willebrand factor in the endocardium of atrial appendages according to the underlying cardiac pathogenesis. Immunohistochemical grades for von Willebrand factor were averaged to give a single value to each atrial appendage and were categorized into four ranks (1,  2, 3 and 4). Closed symbols indicate cases of mitral valvular disease in which right and left atrial appendages were paired. There was a significant difference among different groups by Kruskal-Wallis rank test (p < 0.01). Each pairwise comparison was performed by Student-Newman-Keuls test for multiple comparisons.  p < 0.01 vs. all groups with underlying cardiac pathogenesis other than IHD (p < 0.05). *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01. ASD = atrial septal defect; AVD = aortic valvular disease; HF = end-stage heart failure; IHD = ischemic heart disease; MVD = mitral valvular disease; N = nondiseased heart; NS = not significant.
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