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J Am Coll Cardiol, 2001; 37:878-884
© 2001 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation
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CLINICAL STUDY: HYPERTENSION

Aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) –344 C/T polymorphism is associated with left ventricular structure in human arterial hypertension

Christian Delles, MD*, Jeanette Erdmann, PhD{dagger}, Johannes Jacobi, MD*, Karl F. Hilgers, MD*, Eckart Fleck, MD{dagger}, Vera Regitz-Zagrosek, MD{dagger} and Roland E. Schmieder, MD, FACC*

* Department of Medicine/Nephrology, University of Erlangen, Nürnberg, Germany
{dagger} Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Charité, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Humboldt University and Deutsches Herzzentrum, Berlin, Germany

Manuscript received May 17, 2000; revised manuscript received September 25, 2000, accepted November 3, 2000.

Reprint requests and correspondence: Prof. Dr. med. Roland E. Schmieder, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Medizinische Klinik IV/4, Klinikum Nürnberg Süd, Breslauer Strasse 201, 90471 Nürnberg, Germany
roland.schmieder{at}rzmail.uni-erlangen.de


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Materials and methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
OBJECTIVES

This study examined the association between the –344 C/T polymorphism of the human aldosterone synthase promoter and left ventricular structure in arterial hypertension.

BACKGROUND

Because of conflicting results from different studies, the mechanism of such an association, if any, has not been determined.

METHODS

We examined the aldosterone synthase promoter genotype in 120 young (age: 26 ± 3 years) male, white subjects with normal or mildly elevated blood pressure. Left ventricular structural parameters and urinary sodium excretion over 24 h before and after additional oral sodium load (6 g/day over 1 week) were determined.

RESULTS

Hypertensive subjects with the CC genotype had a greater left ventricular end-diastolic diameter but smaller relative wall thickness than those with the TT genotype (54 ± 2 vs. 50 ± 4 mm, and 0.37 ± 0.07 vs. 0.44 ± 0.06 mm, respectively; p < 0.05). Hypertensive subjects with the TT genotype (n = 15) had a greater increase in urinary sodium excretion after oral sodium load than those with the CC genotype (n = 11) (135 ± 95 vs. 24 ± 133 mmol/liter/day; p < 0.05). Serum aldosterone levels were found to be decreased after oral sodium load in hypertensive subjects with the TT and CT genotypes only (–37 ± 45 and –38 ± 51 pg/ml, respectively; all p < 0.01) but not in those with the CC genotype (–12 ± 30 pg/ml, n.s.). Such differences were not found in normotensive subjects.

CONCLUSIONS

Hypertensive subjects with the –344 CC genotype of the aldosterone synthase promoter are characterized by a pattern of early eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy. Differences in renal sodium handling across the genotypes might contribute to this finding.

Abbreviations and Acronyms
  ASE = American Society for Echocardiography
  LVM = left ventricular mass
  PCR = polymerase chain reaction
  WHO = World Health Organization

The presence of left ventricular hypertrophy worsens the prognosis of cardiovascular disease (1,2). In arterial hypertension, left ventricular structure is determined by hemodynamic (e.g., blood pressure) and nonhemodynamic factors such as angiotensin II (3,4) and aldosterone (5–7). Aldosterone stimulates cardiac collagen synthesis and thus contributes to the development of cardiac fibrosis (8–10). Aldosterone acts via the mineralocorticoid type I receptor, which has been found in both the rat heart (11–13) and, more recently, in the human heart (14).

The human aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) gene is located on chromosome 8, band 8q22, closely related to CYP11B1 (15,16). Gene variants of CYP11B2 have been associated with corticosterone methyloxidase II deficiency (17), and a chimeric 11-beta-hydroxylase/aldosterone synthase gene causes glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism and arterial hypertension (18). One frequent polymorphism of the aldosterone synthase gene is located in the promoter region (–344 C/T). Another polymorphism is a gene conversion in intron 2 (19).

The –344 C/T polymorphism seems to be functionally relevant. Response to adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation is reduced in the –344 CC genotype as compared with the TT genotype (20). Tetrahydroaldosterone excretion rate was found higher in the TT and CT genotypes than in the CC genotype (21). The C-allele has been found associated with elevated levels of plasma aldosterone, increased pulse wave velocity, and decreased baroreflex sensitivity (22,23), but another study reports an elevated urinary aldosterone excretion in T-allele carriers (20). Blood pressure might also be influenced by the –344 C/T polymorphism. There are, however, inconsistent results about whether the T-allele (21,24) or the C-allele (20) is associated with arterial hypertension.

In a recent study, Kupari et al. (25) found an association between the –344 C/T polymorphism and left ventricular structure: the greater the number in C-alleles, the greater the left ventricular mass (LVM) and left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic diameter (25). In contrast, a most recent study by Schunkert et al. (26) could not confirm these findings in a larger study cohort. However, the pattern of cardiac morphology in subjects with the CC genotype in the study of Kupari et al. (25) is similar to that found in a state of volume load that can be the result of high dietary sodium intake (27,28); consequently, a correlation between dietary sodium intake and LVM index was found in C-allele carriers only (25).

The present study was conducted to provide further insight into the modulation of left ventricular structure by the aldosterone synthase –344 C/T polymorphism. We hypothesized that differences in renal sodium handling may be the cause for differences in cardiac structure across the genotypes.


   Materials and methods
Top
 Abstract
 Materials and methods
Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Study cohort.   Through announcements at the campus of the University Erlangen-Nürnberg, we elicited the participation of young, white male students who had never been on any cardiovascular medication. Subjects were screened for normal or mildly elevated blood pressure and gave written consent prior to study inclusion. Screening of participants was continued until a total of 120 subjects fulfilled all inclusion criteria. The study protocol was approved by the Clinical Investigation and Ethics Committee of the University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany.

All subjects underwent a thorough clinical workup, including fundoscopy, 12-lead electrocardiography at rest, sonography of the kidneys, and routine laboratory tests (blood and urine). Inclusion criteria were male gender, Caucasian race, and age between 20 and 40 years. Exclusion criteria were renal, hepatic, and any cardiovascular disease other than mild arterial hypertension; any secondary form of hypertension; any current medication and any history of cardiovascular medication including antihypertensive treatment.

Blood pressure measurement and urine sampling.   Casual blood pressure was measured according to World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations (29). In particular, to obtain correct blood pressure readings, a standard sphygmomanometer was used with the cuff size adjusted to the participant’s arm circumference. Measurements were performed seated after 5 min of rest in standardized fashion by specially trained personnel. Four casual blood pressure readings were taken in our outpatient clinic on at least two different occasions (at least four weeks apart). None of the participants followed any specific dietary guidelines before the blood pressure, endocrine and echocardiographic measurements.

Twenty-four hour urinary sodium excretion was measured in parallel to ambulatory 24-h blood pressure monitoring. Samples with a volume <600 ml/24 h and those containing less than the expected amount of creatinine per kilogram body weight were excluded to ensure complete collection of urine (30).

Parameters of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.   Blood samples for the determination of plasma angiotensin II concentration and serum aldosterone levels were drawn from patients in the supine position after 1 h of complete rest. For plasma angiotensin II measurements, blood was collected into prechilled 10-ml syringes, prepared with 125 mmol/liter ethylendiaminetetraacetic acid and 26 mmol/liter phenantroline (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) to inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensinases. The samples were centrifuged for 10 min at 4°C immediately after collection and rapidly stored after centrifugation at –21°C, but analyzed within three months. Plasma samples were extracted, and after purification of the samples immunoreactive angiotensin II was measured by radioimmunassay with antiserum as previously described (30). Measurements made by this method are accurate within a range from 1.9 to 32 pg angiotensin II per milliliter. All determinations of immunoreactive angiotensin II were made in duplicate, and the mean values are given in the Results section. The coefficient of variation was <5%. Cross-reactivity was 1.2% for angiotensin I and 100% for angiotensin III and angiotensin IV, respectively. Serum aldosterone was measured by a commercially available radioimmunoassay kit (Aldosterone Maia, Serono, Freiburg, Germany). Measurements were performed in duplicate, and the mean values are given in the Results section. The coefficient of variation was <10%.

Echocardiography.   Either before or after the resting period for blood sampling, two-dimensional-guided M-mode echocardiography was performed using an ultrasonoscope (Picker-Hitachi CS 192, Tokyo, Japan) with a 2.5-MHz probe by one of two skilled physicians who were unaware of the subject’s blood pressure status. According to recommendations of the American Society for Echocardiography (ASE), recordings were done at rest in the third or fourth intercostal space lateral to the left sternal border, with the subject lying in a supine or half left-sided position (31). All echocardiographic readings were evaluated by two investigators independently. Raw parameters of LVM included left ventricular end-diastolic diameter and left ventricular posterior wall thickness. If the measurements of the raw parameters differed by more than 10%, a third investigator evaluated the echocardiograms. The LVM was calculated according to the ASE recommendations (31), but it was then corrected by the formula of Devereux et al. (32).

Intervention.   After the baseline examinations outlined above, participants were advised to increase their daily sodium intake by salt tablets (6 g/day) while remaining on their usual diet. One week later, 24-h urine collection and standard laboratory tests were performed again.

Analysis of the –344 C/T polymorphism of the human aldosterone synthase gene.   Genomic DNA was extracted from 2 to 5 ml of whole blood by standard methods using a commercially available kit (QIAamp Blood Midi Kit, QIAGEN GmbH, Hilden, Germany). Subjects were genotyped for the –344 C/T polymorphism with primers 5'-CAGGAGGAGACCCATGTGAC-3' (sense) and 5'-CCTCCACCCTGTTCAGCCC-3' (antisense) according to the method used by Kupari et al. (25). Standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out in a 25-µl volume containing 60 ng genomic DNA; 10 pmol/liter of each primer; 50 mmol/liter KCl; 10 mmol/liter TRIS-HCl (pH 8.3); 1.5 mmol/liter MgCl2; 0.01% gelatin; 200 µmol/liter of each dNTP; and 1 U Taq DNA polymerase (Gibco BRL, Germany). Samples were processed in a GeneAmp PCR System 9600 (Perkin-Elmer Cetus, Norwalk, Connecticut). After an initial 5-min denaturation at 94°C, 35 temperature cycles were carried out consisting of 20 s at 94°C, 20 s at 64°C, 20 s at 72°C, followed by a final step of 10 min at 72°C. Next, 8 µl DNA-product was digested with 5 U of restriction endonuclease HaeIII in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendation (New England Biolabs, Schwalbach, Germany). The digested products were subjected to electrophoresis in 1% agarose gels. The –344 T allele lacks an HaeIII site present in the –344 C allele, so –344 T alleles are detected as HaeIII fragments of 273 bp and –344 C alleles are detected as fragments of 202 bp (plus smaller fragments in each case).

Statistical analysis.   One-way analysis of variance was used to compare means among the three genotypes of the aldosterone synthase promoter. Groups that were significantly different from each other were identified by post hoc analysis using the Student t test with Bonferroni correction for multiple tests for normally distributed parameters and Duncan’s multiple range test for parameters not following normal distribution, respectively. To exclude the influence of potentially confounding cofactors, analysis of covariance was performed. Chi-square tests were used to compare allele frequencies. Multiple stepwise linear regression analyses with significance levels of 0.05 (entry of a variable) and 0.10 (removal of a variable) at each forward step were calculated where indicated. For all tests, a two-tailed p value ≤0.05 was considered significant. All values are given as means ± SD.


   Results
Top
 Abstract
 Materials and methods
 Results
Discussion
 References
 
Characteristics of the study cohort.   When classified according to WHO recommendations, a group of 65 normotensive and a group of 55 hypertensive subjects resulted. On average, hypertensive subjects had greater body weight (83 ± 11 vs. 75 ± 8 kg, p < 0.001), greater body surface area (2.04 ± 0.15 vs. 1.95 ± 0.13 m2, p < 0.001) and greater body mass index (25.0 ± 3.1 vs. 23.0 ± 2.2 kg/m2, p < 0.001) than normotensive participants.

Further stratification was performed according to the aldosterone synthase genotype. These data are given in Table 1. Frequencies for the T- and C-allele were 52% and 48% in normotensive, and 54% and 46% in hypertensive subjects, respectively. Allele frequency was not significantly different between normotensive and hypertensive subjects, and the observed numbers were not significantly different from expected values according to the Hardy-Weinberg equation. Within the normotensive and hypertensive groups, no significant differences were seen in clinical parameters but for two exceptions: In the normotensive group, subjects with the CT genotype consumed more alcohol than those with the CC genotype (Table 1). In the hypertensive group, casual diastolic blood pressure in subjects with the TT genotype was greater than in those with the CC genotype (Table 1).


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  		Table 1 Characteristics of the Study Cohort

 
Echocardiographic parameters.   Echocardiographic parameters for normotensive and hypertensive subjects are given in Table 2. Noteworthy, within the normotensive group and the hypertensive group, LVM was similar across the aldosterone synthase promoter genotypes (all p > 0.20). In the normotensive group, all other listed parameters were also not significantly different across the aldosterone synthase genotypes (all p > 0.20).


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  		Table 2 Echocardiographic Parameters of the Study Cohort

 
In contrast, the –344 C/T polymorphism of the aldosterone synthase promoter was associated with left ventricular structure in hypertensive subjects. Subjects with the CC genotype had a greater left ventricular end-diastolic diameter than those with the TT genotype (p < 0.05). Similarly, left ventricular end-systolic diameter was found to be greater in subjects with the CC genotype than in TT homozygous subjects (p < 0.05). These findings were confirmed by regression analysis. When the entire study cohort was analyzed, aldosterone synthase –344 C/T polymorphism was the only parameter in the final model to determine left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (ß = 0.20, p = 0.031; variables not in the equation: systolic blood pressure, urinary sodium excretion at baseline, body mass index, and alcohol consumption). Subjects with the CC genotype had a lower relative wall thickness than subjects with the TT genotypes (p < 0.05) (Fig. 1).



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  		Figure 1 Cardiac structure in hypertensive subjects stratified according to the aldosterone synthase promoter –344 C/T polymorphism (filled circles, TT; filled squares, CT; filled triangles, CC). An asterisk (*) indicates significant differences across the respective genotypes (p < 0.05).

 
Parameters of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and response to increased oral sodium load.   Baseline serum aldosterone and plasma angiotensin II levels were similar across the aldosterone synthase genotypes in both the normotensive group and the hypertensive group (Table 3).


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  		Table 3 Serum Aldosterone, Plasma Angiotensin II Concentration, and Urinary Sodium Excretion at Baseline and After One Week of Increased Oral Sodium Uptake

 
In the hypertensive group, response of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and response of urinary sodium excretion to an elevated oral sodium intake differed across the aldosterone synthase genotypes. Decreased levels of serum aldosterone after an elevated daily sodium intake were found in subjects with the TT and the CT genotypes but not in subjects with the CC genotype. After an increased oral sodium intake, urinary sodium excretion increased only in subjects with the TT and CT genotypes (p < 0.01), whereas no significant increase of sodium excretion was observed in subjects with the CC genotype despite increased sodium intake (Table 3). Plasma angiotensin II levels were not different across the genotypes in hypertensive subjects after an elevated oral sodium intake (Table 3).


   Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 Materials and methods
 Results
 Discussion
References
 
Association between the aldosterone synthase promoter genotype and left ventricular structure.   Several cross-sectional studies have shown a relationship between serum aldosterone levels and LVM (5–7). Experimental studies suggest that this relationship might be due to direct action of aldosterone on the heart via cardiac mineralocorticoid receptors (11–14). Thus, aldosterone has been found to stimulate collagen synthesis in the heart, and hence it contributes to cardiac fibrosis (8–10). However, aldosterone exerts its "classic" action in the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the kidney where it regulates sodium and fluid homeostasis. Both sodium itself and the intravascular volume load have been found to modify cardiac structure (33,34); hence, aldosterone might influence cardiac structure indirectly via these mechanisms.

Up to now, only two studies have examined the relationship between gene variants of the aldosterone synthase and cardiac structure (25,26). In the first study by Kupari et al. (25), young subjects (age: 36 to 37 years) without cardiovascular disease were examined. Subjects with the CC genotype were characterized by greater LVM and, most strikingly, by greater left ventricular diameter. Meanwhile, the study by Schunkert et al. (26) in a larger cohort comprising of both young and elderly patients (mean age, 52 years; range, 25 to 74 years) without and with cardiovascular diseases has been published. The investigators could not confirm the previous finding of Kupari et al. (25). However, as the investigators state, this discrepancy could be due to different demographic and medical histories between the study cohorts.

We were able to confirm the findings from Kupari et al. (25) in our study population, which comprised young subjects without cardiovascular disease except mild arterial hypertension: the aldosterone synthase promoter CC genotype is associated with greater left ventricular diastolic and systolic diameter in hypertensive subjects. Our observation that relative wall thickness was smaller in hypertensive subjects with this genotype points toward an early state of eccentric hypertrophy that can be a result of volume load (27,28). However, two aspects must be stressed. First, in contrast to the data from Kupari et al., LVM was similar throughout the aldosterone synthase promoter genotypes in our study cohort. Second, we observed the association between left ventricular structure and the aldosterone synthase promoter genotype in hypertensive subjects only. What appears as a discrepancy at first glance can be explained by differences in the respective study cohorts. On the average, our study participants were 10 years younger than those in Kupari’s study (25). Both age and hypertension are determinants of left ventricular structure (35), and it appears as a consequence that in younger subjects another factor, namely hypertension, is necessary to amplify the effect of the aldosterone synthase promoter gene variants on left ventricular structure. Moreover, we have previously described differences in the regulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system between normotensive and hypertensive subjects (3,36) whose precise mechanism is also not yet determined.

Potential mechanisms.   A relation between daily sodium intake and LVM was only found in C-allele carriers but not in TT homozygous subjects in the study by Kupari et al. (25). To examine whether the aldosterone synthase genotype directly determines serum aldosterone levels, we measured serum aldosterone in all participants at baseline and after an elevated oral sodium intake. Two findings from our study might explain the differences in cardiac structure across the aldosterone synthase promoter genotypes in hypertensive subjects. First, the pattern of eccentric hypertrophy in CC homozygous subjects might be the result of a different response to oral sodium load as compared with TT homozygous subjects. Participants with the CC genotype did not adequately increase their urinary sodium excretion in response to an increased oral sodium uptake within the observation period of one week. Such disregulation of urinary sodium excretion in a short-term experiment might cause cardiac adaptation over a longer period similar to that observed in sodium overload (33,34).

Second, we found a different regulation of serum aldosterone concentration between TT and CC homozygous subjects in face of an increased oral sodium load. Serum aldosterone concentration has not been examined in the study by Kupari et al. (25). In our study we examined both baseline aldosterone levels and aldosterone levels in response to an increased oral sodium intake. We did not find any difference in aldosterone levels at baseline across the various aldosterone synthase promoter genotypes. However, while T-allele carriers had decreased levels of aldosterone after one week of increased sodium intake as compared with the baseline value, CC homozygous subjects did not downregulate aldosterone levels.

Again, what is seen in our short-term study with oral sodium load might be a model for a long-term disregulation of aldosterone secretion in subjects with the CC genotype. Inadequately high aldosterone secretion might lead to retention of both sodium and volume and might thus explain the pattern of eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive subjects with this genotype. However, it is a limitation of our study that we cannot provide data concerning urinary sodium excretion after a longer period of increased sodium uptake when a stable steady state is reachieved (37) and that our study was conducted without a metabolic ward.

It still remains unclear whether the aldosterone synthase promoter genotype itself is of functional relevance. Although a stronger binding of the transcription factor SF-1 to the T-allele is mentioned by Kupari et al. (25), this observation has not been published yet, and the relevance of this binding site is of limited importance (38). Furthermore, the –344 C/T polymorphism is in linkage disequilibrium with the intron-2 polymorphism of CYP11B2. As already stated by others (25,26), linkage disequilibrium with other genes, namely with the closely located CYP11B1, might be an alternative reason for our observations.

Finally, several studies have reported functional relevance of the aldosterone synthase promoter –344 C/T polymorphism (20–25). Our data underscore these findings: urinary sodium excretion, which is regulated by aldosterone, is also influenced by this polymorphism. Our findings support the hypothesis of a link among altered cardiac structure, biochemical (or physiological) parameters and variants of the aldosterone synthase gene.


   Acknowledgments
 
We thank Ms. A. Friedrich for her skillful assistance throughout the clinical data collection.


   Footnotes
 
Supported by grants from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft to R.E.S. (Schm 638/6-2) and V.R.-Z. (Reg 662/4-1).


   References
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 Abstract
 Materials and methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
P. C. White
Aldosterone: Direct Effects on and Production by the Heart
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2003; 88(6): 2376 - 2383.
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J Song, I Narita, S Goto, N Saito, K Omori, F Sato, J Ajiro, D Saga, D Kondo, M Sakatsume, et al.
Gender specific association of aldosterone synthase gene polymorphism with renal survival in patients with IgA nephropathy
J. Med. Genet., May 1, 2003; 40(5): 372 - 376.
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B. R. Palmer, A. P. Pilbrow, T. G. Yandle, C. M. Frampton, A. M. Richards, M. G. Nicholls, and V. A. Cameron
Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism interacts with left ventricular ejection fraction and brain natriuretic peptide levels to predict mortality after myocardial infarction
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 5, 2003; 41(5): 729 - 736.
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