CLINICAL STUDY: INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGY
Protective role against restenosis from an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphism in patients treated with coronary stenting
Adnan Kastrati, MD*,
Werner Koch, PhD*,
Peter B. Berger, MD ,
Julinda Mehilli, MD*,
Katherine Stephenson, PhD ,
Franz-Josef Neumann, MD*,
Nicolas von Beckerath, MD*,
Corinna Böttiger, MD*,
Gordon W. Duff, MD, PhD and
Albert Schömig, MD*
* Deutsches Herzzentrum München and 1. Medizinische Klinik rechts der Isar, Technische Universität Müchen, Munich, Germany
Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
Interleukin Genetics, Inc., San Antonio, Texas, USA
Division of Molecular and Genetic Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
Manuscript received April 5, 2000;
revised manuscript received June 28, 2000,
accepted August 31, 2000.
Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Adnan Kastrati, Deutsches Herzzentrum, München, Lazarettstrasse 36, 80636 München, Germany
kastrati{at}dhm.mhn.de
 |
Abstract
|
|---|
OBJECTIVES
To test the hypothesis that interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) gene polymorphism contributes to the risk of restenosis after coronary stenting.
BACKGROUND
Cytokines of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) family play a central role in regulating inflammatory responses. There is strong evidence to support IL-1 involvement in smooth muscle cell mitogenesis and extracellular matrix metabolism. The IL-1ra counters the proinflammatory effects of IL-1. The interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene (IL-1RN) contains several well-characterized polymorphic sites that correlate with altered IL-1ra levels.
METHODS
In 1,850 consecutive patients, clinical and angiographic measures of restenosis were evaluated over one year after coronary stent placement. Repeat angiography at six months was achieved in 84% of the patients; angiographic restenosis was defined  50% diameter stenosis at follow-up. Genotyping for an exon 2 polymorphism (+2,018) of IL-1RN (alleles 1 and 2) was based on a polymerase chain reaction technique.
RESULTS
Allele 2 frequency was 0.28. Carriers of allele 2 had a significantly lower risk for angiographic restenosis, odds ratio (OR) of 0.78 (95% confidence interval, 0.63 to 0.97) and target vessel revascularization, OR of 0.73 (0.58 to 0.92) compared with noncarriers. Risk reduction was especially significant in patients <60 years (n = 696), with OR of 0.63 (0.43 to 0.91) for angiographic restenosis and 0.55 (0.39 to 0.78) for target vessel revascularization.
CONCLUSIONS
Allele 2 of the IL-1ra gene was associated with a lower incidence of restenosis after coronary stenting, particularly in younger patients. This finding supports a role of inflammation in the development of restenosis after stent placement.
|
Abbreviations and Acronyms
| | CI | = confidence interval | | IL-1 | = interleukin-1 | | IL-1ra | = interleukin-1 receptor antagonist | | IL-1RN | = interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene | | MI | = myocardial infarction | | MLD | = minimal lumen diameter | | OR | = odds ratio | | PTCA | = percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty | | TVR | = target vessel revascularization | | VNTR | = variable number tandem repeat |
|
There is increasing evidence for an important role of inflammation in coronary artery disease (1). Cytokines of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) family are central regulators in immunoinflammatory mechanisms (2), and intensive work has been focused on IL-1 modifiers that may influence the inflammatory response (3). Data from several studies support IL-1 regulation of endothelial and smooth muscle cell mitogenesis, thrombogenic response of endothelial cells, leukocyte adherence, lipoprotein metabolism, extracellular matrix production and vascular permeability (4,5). With these actions, IL-1 occupies a key place in the cascade of autocrine and paracrine mediators that promote restenosis after percutaneous coronary interventions (6).
Restenosis remains a significant limitation for stenting, affecting around 30% of patients treated with this procedure. It is assumed to be the result of a particularly high degree of arterial injury and inflammatory reaction produced by the stent (7). Due to the potent proinflammatory actions of IL-1, the regulation of IL-1 activity by endogenous biological antagonists may play a significant role in this process. Of particular interest is the naturally occurring IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) (8), which is the product of a polymorphic gene (IL-1 receptor antagonist gene [IL-1RN]). Five polymorphic sites have been discovered in the IL-1RN: a variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism in intron 2, and four single nucleotide polymorphisms, including one in exon 2, that show a high degree of linkage disequilibrium with the VNTR (9). These IL-1RN polymorphisms have been associated with altered production rates of IL-1ra protein (10–12). In view of the central role of IL-1 in regulation of the inflammatory response and the potent inhibitory effect of IL-1ra in this system, the hypothesis that the IL-1RN locus may contribute genetic risk in inflammatory diseases was proposed (2,13). In recent years this hypothesis has been extensively tested, and significant associations have been found between IL-1RN polymorphism and inflammatory diseases (13). More recently, this polymorphism has been found to be associated with single-vessel coronary artery disease in younger patients (14).
The objective of this study was to test for association between IL-1ra gene polymorphism and risk for restenosis after coronary stent placement in a large cohort of patients.
|
Methods
|
|---|
Patients.
The study included 1,850 consecutive Caucasian patients with symptomatic coronary artery disease who underwent coronary stent implantation at our institutions during the period between January 1996 and June 1997. All patients were scheduled for angiographic follow-up at 6 months; they gave written informed consent for the intervention, follow-up angiography and genotype determination. The study protocol conformed to the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the institutional ethics committee at our institution. Adjunct pharmacologic therapy consisted of aspirin (100 mg twice daily, indefinitely) and ticlopidine (250 mg twice daily for four weeks). Patients considered at a higher risk for stent thrombosis received adjunct therapy with the glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa blocker abciximab given as bolus injection during stent insertion procedure and as a 12-h continuous infusion thereafter.
Determination of the IL-1RN genotype.
Genomic DNA was extracted from 200 µl of peripheral blood leukocytes with the QIAamp Blood Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) and the High Pure PCR Template Preparation Kit (Boehringer Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany).
Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene genotyping was performed with the ABI Prism Sequence Detection System (PE Applied Biosystems, Weiterstadt, Germany). The IL-1RN (+2,018), a single base pair polymorphism in exon 2, was the polymorphism typed in this study (9). The nucleotide sequences of primers and probes were as follows: forward primer 5' GGG ATG TTA ACC AGA AGA CCT TCT ATC T 3', reverse primer 5' CAA CCA CTC ACC TTC TAA ATT GAC ATT 3', allele 1 probe 5' AAC AAC CAA CTA GTT GCT GGA TAC TTG CAA 3', allele 2 probe 5' ACA ACC AAC TAG TTG CCG GAT ACT TGC 3'. Genotype validation was performed by repeating the determination in 20% of the patients using a duplicate DNA sample with a novel subject code unrelated to the original subject code. There was a 100% matching between the two results.
Angiographic assessment.
Quantitative computer-assisted angiographic analysis was performed off-line using the automated edge-detection system CMS (Medis Medical Imaging Systems, Nuenen, the Netherlands). Operators were unaware of the patient’s IL-1RN genotype. Acute lumen gain was calculated as the difference between minimal lumen diameter (MLD) at the end of intervention and MLD before the intervention. Late lumen loss was calculated as the difference between MLD at the end of intervention and MLD at the time of follow-up angiography. Loss index was calculated as the ratio between late lumen loss and acute lumen gain.
Definitions and study end points.
The primary end point of the study was restenosis. Two definitions of restenosis were assessed: the incidence of a diameter stenosis of  50% at six-month follow-up angiography and the need for target vessel revascularization (TVR) (percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty [PTCA] or bypass surgery) due to symptoms or signs of ischemia in the presence of angiographic restenosis at the stented site over one year after stent placement. Other major adverse events evaluated were death from any cause and nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI). The diagnosis of acute MI was based on the presence of new pathological Q waves or a value of creatine kinase or its MB isoenzyme at least 3 times the upper limit (15). Clinical events were assessed on the basis of the information provided by hospital readmission records, referring physician or phone interview with the patient. For all patients who presented cardiac symptoms during the interview, at least one clinical and electrocardiographic evaluation was performed at the outpatient clinic or by the referring physician.
Statistical analysis.
Discrete variables are expressed as counts or percentages and compared with the chi-square or Fisher exact test, as appropriate. Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± standard deviation and compared by means of the unpaired, two-sided t-test or analysis of variance for more than two groups. Risk analysis was performed calculating the odds ratio (OR) and the 95% confidence interval (CI). The main analysis consisted in comparing combined heterozygous and homozygous carriers of the IL-1RN*2 allele with homozygous carriers of the IL-1RN*1 allele. A multivariate logistic regression model was applied to adjust for those clinical and lesion-related characteristics for which the comparison between carriers and noncarriers of the IL-1RN*2 allele yielded a p value 0.30. Since the relative contribution of genetic factors to multifactorial processes such as restenosis may decrease with the age, we carried out an additional prespecified subgroup analysis of patients <60 years. Successively, we used a test for trend for assessing gene dose effect, i.e. a stepwise increasing or decreasing phenotypic response with the presence of 0, 1 or 2 putative alleles. Statistical significance was accepted for p values <0.05.
|
Results
|
|---|
Patients characteristics.
The observed IL-1RN genotypes in the study population were 1/1 in 954 (51.6%), 1/2 in 742 (40.1%) and 2/2 in 154 (8.3%). Thus, the frequency for the allele 2 was 0.28. Main baseline characteristics of the patients are listed in Table 1. There was only a trend toward a higher frequency of diabetes among carriers of the IL-1RN*2 allele. The angiographic and procedural characteristics at the time of intervention are listed in Table 2 and show no significant differences between carriers and noncarriers of the IL-1RN*2 allele.
IL-1RN polymorphism, mortality and MI after stenting.
Table 3 shows similar adverse clinical event rates in carriers and noncarriers of the IL-1RN*2 allele during the first 30 days after coronary stenting. However, this study was not sufficiently powered to assess the potential influence of the IL-1ra gene polymorphism on 30-day events.
One-year follow-up (complete in 98.4% of the patients) also indicated that there was no correlation between the presence of the IL-1RN*2 allele and mortality or incidence of MI after the intervention. The graph in the left panel of Figure 1 displays the OR for these events associated with the presence of the IL-1RN*2 allele. During the one-year period, the mortality rate was 2.8% in the combined group of IL-1RN 1/2 and IL-1RN 2/2 patients and 2.2% in IL-1 1/1 patients (p = 0.42). The incidence of nonfatal MI was 3.5% in IL-1RN*2 allele carriers and 3.9% in homozygous carriers of the IL-1RN*1 allele (p = 0.54).
View larger version (9K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
|
Figure 1 Graph showing on a logarithmic scale the odds ratios for clinical events and angiographic restenosis associated with the presence of the IL-1RN*2 allele for the entire population (left panel) and patients <60 years (right panel). ILRN = interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene; MI = myocardial infarction; TVR = target vessel revascularization.
|
|
IL-1RN polymorphism and restenosis after stenting.
Six-month follow-up angiography was performed in 84% of the patients, in a similar proportion among carriers and noncarriers of the IL-1RN*2 allele. Table 4 lists the results of the quantitative assessment of six-month angiograms. The presence of the IL-1RN*2 allele was associated with a 22% decrease in the risk for restenosis, OR 0.78 (95% CI, 0.63 to 0.97; Fig. 1). More specifically, the restenosis rate was 35.6% in IL-1RN 1/1, 30.4% in IL-1RN 1/2 and 29.1% in IL-1RN 2/2 patients (p = 0.03, test for trend). Clinical restenosis requiring TVR was also significantly lower, 17.7% in IL-1RN*2 allele carriers versus 22.7% in homozygous patients for the IL-1RN*1 allele (p = 0.03), yielding an OR of 0.73 (0.58 to 0.92), as shown in Figure 1. Target vessel revascularization rates were 22.7% in IL-1RN 1/1, 18.3% in IL-1RN 1/2 and 14.9% in IL-1RN 2/2 patients (p = 0.005, test for trend).
Multivariate analysis of the correlates of angiographic restenosis was performed with the variables age, gender, diabetes, smoking, restenotic lesions and vessel size (all variables differing in univariate analysis by a p value 0.30) along with the presence or absence of the IL-1RN*2 allele. The presence of the IL-1RN*2 allele was independently (p < 0.001) correlated with a decreased risk for restenosis with an adjusted OR of 0.81 (0.71 to 0.92). In addition, there was a significant interaction between the presence of the IL-1RN*2 allele and age (p = 0.009) as reflected by a progressively stronger protective effect of this allele in younger patients.
The results of the analysis in the prespecified subgroup of patients <60 years (n = 696) are presented in Table 5, Figure 1 and Figure 2. The frequency for the allele 2 among these patients was 0.27, and there were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between allele 2 carriers and homozygous patients for allele 1. During the one-year follow-up period, 17.1% of the IL-1RN*2 allele carriers and 24.9% of the homozygous IL-1RN*1 allele carriers needed TVR (p = 0.01). Thus, the presence of the IL-1RN*2 allele was associated with a 37% risk reduction (OR, 0.63 [0.43 to 0.91], Fig. 1) of the need of reinterventions. Quantitative data obtained for six-month angiography (performed in 590 or 85% of patients <60 years) are displayed in Table 5. The incidence of angiographic restenosis was 25.6% in the combined group of IL-1RN 1/2 and IL-1RN 2/2 patients and 38.5% among IL-1RN 1/1 patients (p < 0.001), which corresponds to a 45% risk reduction (OR, 0.55 [0.39 to 0.78], Fig. 1). Figure 2 illustrates the gene dose effect verified in the subgroup of younger patients. The incidence of restenosis decreased progressively with heterozygosity and homozygosity for the IL-1RN*2 allele. The rate of angiographic restenosis was 38.5% in IL-1RN 1/1 patients, 26.3% in IL-1RN 1/2 patients and 22.4% in IL-1RN 2/2 patients (p = 0.001, test for trend; Fig. 2). Target vessel revascularization rates were 24.9% in IL-1RN 1/1 patients, 17.9% in IL-1RN 1/2 patients and 13.2% in IL-1RN 2/2 patients (p = 0.01, test for trend; Fig. 2).
View larger version (24K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
|
Figure 2 Bar graph showing the decrease in the incidence of restenosis and TVR in patients <60 years with the increase in the number of IL-1RN*2 alleles. ILRN = interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene; TVR = target vessel revascularization.
|
|
|
Discussion
|
|---|
Restenosis remains the major limitation of coronary stenting and other percutaneous interventions. Restenosis is not a random phenomenon, and certain patients are at increased risk of developing it (16). There are several clinical and lesion-related factors that serve to explain part of the risk for restenosis (17). However, a significant portion of this process can not be predicted based on conventional risk factors (18). Recent studies have provided evidence on the emerging role of genetic factors in determining the risk for restenosis after coronary interventions (19).
In this study we assessed the association between a polymorphism in the gene encoding IL-1ra and both angiographic and clinical restenosis after coronary stent implantation in a large and consecutive series of patients with systematic angiographic control study at 6 months achieved in a very high proportion of patients. The rationale for choosing IL-1RN as a candidate gene in restenosis after coronary stenting came from the evidence of the role of inflammation in this process, the central role of the IL-1 system in inflammatory regulation, the previous evidence of IL-1RN polymorphism as a genetic risk factor in other inflammatory diseases and the therapeutic prospects offered by IL-1 antagonist approaches.
Previous evidence on the relation between IL-1 family and restenosis.
Interleukin-1 is a key mediator of immunoinflammatory responses and is considered to be extraordinarily potent since a very low level of binding to the signaling (type I) IL-1 receptor is sufficient to elicit a full response (5). Interleukin-1 has been established as a significant determinant of intimal hyperplasia and has been demonstrated to stimulate the thrombogenic response in endothelial cells as well as the production of endothelial-derived growth factor (4). Coronary angioplasty evokes marked monocyte activation (20). The capacity of in vitro-stimulated monocytes to produce IL-1 has been demonstrated to correlate with lumen renarrowing after PTCA (21). In an IL-1RN knockout mouse model, extensive inflammatory cell infiltrate, which is characteristic of the restenotic response, was observed in the aorta and its major branches, including the coronary arteries (22). In addition, the use of recombinant human IL-1ra inhibited vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation in cell cultures (23).
IL-1ra gene polymorphism and restenosis after stenting.
In this study, which included 1,850 consecutive patients with coronary stent implantation, we found that the presence of allele 2 in the IL-1ra gene was significantly associated with a lower risk of both angiographic and clinical restenosis. This association was even stronger in younger patients. A clear gene dose effect was found; the incidence of restenosis decreased with heterozygosity and even more so with homozygosity for the IL-1RN*2 allele. The presence of allele 2 has been shown to be associated with higher blood levels or higher monocyte production rates of IL-1ra (10–12) but not in all populations (12) and not when measured as IL-1RN RNA (9). Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist production increases with age (24) and this may explain, at least in part, the more powerful genetic association in younger patients. In terms of biological function, however, the genotype associated with restenosis in this study cannot yet be confidently defined as specifying a high or low IL-1 production phenotype because gene activation patterns are often tissue specific. It is not possible to extrapolate from studies on blood levels or in vitro monocyte production the effect of genotype on concentration of IL-1ra at coronary artery sites after stenting. In addition, as with other clinical studies on genetic associations, the data presented here do not provide evidence for a causal role of the IL-1RN polymorphism in the complex process of restenosis after coronary stenting. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene lies on a 430kB stretch of chromosome 2 (25), and there is a strong haplotype effect in the region (26), so unknown genes may well be in linkage disequilibrium with IL-1RN. In this case the IL-1RN polymorphism would be serving as a marker for an unknown etiological gene. We cannot claim more than this based on presently available data. However, as described above, there is a biological rationale for IL-1 as a mediator of arterial disease and, therefore, a role for IL-1RN.
Study limitations.
Despite the tissue specificity of IL-1ra gene activation patterns discussed above, the lack of measurements of blood levels or monocyte production of IL-1ra should be considered a limitation because they might have provided some mechanistic insights into the association observed in this study. A second limitation to acknowledge is the incomplete six-month angiographic follow-up (present in only 84% of the patients), which may inadvertently have introduced a bias in our angiographic restenosis analysis. However, this bias is not expected to be relevant given the concordance between the angiographic and clinical measures of restenosis.
Conclusions.
The results of this study showed a significant association between IL-1RN polymorphism and restenosis after coronary stenting and that IL-1RN*2 carriage has a protective effect, especially in patients <60 of age. For reasons given above, the biological mechanism underlying this genetic finding is, at present, difficult to define in the current state of knowledge. The finding does, however, lend support to the hypothesis that genetic programming of the inflammatory response may be relevant to the pathogenesis of restenosis after stenting. The finding may provide not only a genetic marker for risk stratification but also the rationale for the assessment of the value of IL-1 antagonists as a preventive strategy against restenosis.
|
Acknowledgments
|
|---|
The authors would like to thank Interleukin Genetics Inc. for providing most of the consumables necessary for this study.
|
References
|
|---|
1. Ross R. Atherosclerosis—an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:115–126[Free Full Text]
2. Duff GW. Cytokines and anti-cytokines. Br J Rheumatol. 1993;32(Suppl 1):15–20[Medline]
3. Arend WP, Malyak M, Guthridge CJ, Gabay C. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist: role in biology. Annu Rev Immunol. 1998;16:27–55[CrossRef][Medline]
4. Libby P, Warner SJ, Friedman GB. Interleukin 1: a mitogen for human vascular smooth muscle cells that induces the release of growth-inhibitory prostanoids. J Clin Invest. 1988;81:487–498[Medline]
5. di Giovine FS, Duff GW. Interleukin 1: the first interleukin. Immunol Today. 1990;11:13–20[CrossRef][Medline]
6. Libby P, Schwartz D, Brogi E, et al. A cascade model for restenosis: a special case of atherosclerosis progression. Circulation. 1992;86:III47–III52
7. Kornowski R, Hong MK, Tio FO, et al. In-stent restenosis: contributions of inflammatory responses and arterial injury to neointimal hyperplasia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;31:224–230[Abstract/Free Full Text]
8. Symons JA, Young PR, Duff GW. Soluble type II interleukin 1 (IL-1) receptor binds and blocks processing of IL-1ß precursor and loses affinity for IL-1 receptor antagonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1995;92:1714–1718[Abstract/Free Full Text]
9. Clay FE, Tarlow JK, Cork MJ, et al. Novel interleukin-1 receptor antagonist exon polymorphisms and their use in allele-specific mRNA assessment. Hum Genet. 1996;97:723–726[Medline]
10. Danis VA, Millington M, Hyland VJ, Grennan D. Cytokine production by normal human monocytes: intersubject variation and relationship to an IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) gene polymorphism. Clin Exp Immunol. 1995;99:303–310[Medline]
11. Hurme M, Santtila S. IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) plasma levels are co-ordinately regulated by both IL-1Ra and IL-1ß genes. Eur J Immunol. 1998;28:2598–2602[CrossRef][Medline]
12. Mandrup-Poulsen T, Pociot F, Molvig J, et al. Monokine antagonism is reduced in patients with IDDM. Diabetes. 1994;43:1242–1247[Abstract]
13. Cox A, Duff GW. Cytokines as genetic modifying factors in immune and inflammatory diseases. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 1996;9(Suppl 1):129–132
14. Francis SE, Camp NJ, Dewberry RM, et al. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphism and coronary artery disease. Circulation. 1999;99:861–866[Abstract/Free Full Text]
15. EPISTENT Investigators. Randomized placebo-controlled and balloon-angioplasty-controlled trial to assess safety of coronary stenting with use of platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa blockade. Lancet. 1998;352:87–92[Medline]
16. Schömig A, Kastrati A, Elezi S, et al. Bimodal distribution of angiographic measures of restenosis six months after coronary stent placement. Circulation. 1997;96:3880–3887[Abstract/Free Full Text]
17. Kastrati A, Schömig A, Elezi S, et al. Predictive factors of restenosis after coronary stent placement. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;30:1428–1436[Abstract]
18. Kastrati A, Schömig A, Elezi S, et al. Interlesion dependence of the risk for restenosis in patients with coronary stent placement in multiple lesions. Circulation. 1998;97:2396–2401[Abstract/Free Full Text]
19. Kastrati A, Schömig A, Seyfarth M, et al. PlA polymorphism of platelet glycoprotein IIIa and risk of restenosis after coronary stent placement. Circulation. 1999;99:1005–1010[Abstract/Free Full Text]
20. Serrano CV Jr, Ramires JA, Venturinelli M, et al. Coronary angioplasty results in leukocyte and platelet activation with adhesion molecule expression: evidence of inflammatory responses in coronary angioplasty. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;29:1276–1283[Abstract]
21. Pietersma A, Kofflard M, de Wit LE, et al. Late lumen loss after coronary angioplasty is associated with the activation status of circulating phagocytes before treatment. Circulation. 1995;91:1320–1325[Abstract/Free Full Text]
22. Nicklin MJ, Hughes DE, Barton JL, et al. Arterial inflammation in mice lacking the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene. J Exp Med. 2000;191:303–312[Abstract/Free Full Text]
23. Porreca E, Di Febbo C, Barbacane RC, et al. Effect of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist on vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Atherosclerosis. 1993;99:71–78[CrossRef][Medline]
24. Roubenoff R, Harris TB, Abad LW, et al. Monocyte cytokine production in an elderly population: effect of age and inflammation. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1998;53:M20–M26[Abstract]
25. Nicklin MJ, Weith A, Duff GW. A physical map of the region encompassing the human interleukin-1 alpha, interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist genes. Genomics. 1994;19:382–384[CrossRef][Medline]
26. Cox A, Camp NJ, Nicklin MJ, et al. An analysis of linkage disequilibrium in the interleukin-1 gene cluster, using a novel grouping method for multiallelic markers. Am J Hum Genet. 1998;62:1180–1188[CrossRef][Medline]
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
|
|
 
Z. Yuan, H. Pei, D. J. Roberts, Z. Zhang, J. S. Rowlan, A. H. Matsumoto, and W. Shi
Quantitative Trait Locus Analysis of Neointimal Formation in an Intercross Between C57BL/6 and C3H/HeJ Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice
Circ Cardiovasc Genet,
June 1, 2009;
2(3):
220 - 228.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Mollace, S. Ragusa, I. Sacco, C. Muscoli, F. Sculco, V. Visalli, E. Palma, S. Muscoli, L. Mondello, P. Dugo, et al.
The Protective Effect of Bergamot Oil Extract on Lecitine-like OxyLDL Receptor-1 Expression in Balloon Injury-related Neointima Formation
Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics,
June 1, 2008;
13(2):
120 - 129.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. F. Fearon and D. T. Fearon
Inflammation and Cardiovascular Disease: Role of the Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist
Circulation,
May 20, 2008;
117(20):
2577 - 2579.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Tiroch, W. Koch, N. von Beckerath, A. Kastrati, and A. Schomig
Heme oxygenase-1 gene promoter polymorphism and restenosis following coronary stenting
Eur. Heart J.,
April 2, 2007;
28(8):
968 - 973.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. W Duff
Evidence for genetic variation as a factor in maintaining health
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition,
February 1, 2006;
83(2):
431S - 435S.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. S Kornman
Interleukin 1 genetics, inflammatory mechanisms, and nutrigenetic opportunities to modulate diseases of aging
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition,
February 1, 2006;
83(2):
475S - 483S.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. C. Morton, N. D. Arnold, J. Gunn, R. Varcoe, S. E. Francis, S. K. Dower, and D. C. Crossman
Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist alters the response to vessel wall injury in a porcine coronary artery model
Cardiovasc Res,
December 1, 2005;
68(3):
493 - 501.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. S. Monraats, N. M.M. Pires, W. R.P. Agema, A. H. Zwinderman, A. Schepers, M. P.M. de Maat, P. A. Doevendans, R. J. de Winter, R. A. Tio, J. Waltenberger, et al.
Genetic Inflammatory Factors Predict Restenosis After Percutaneous Coronary Interventions
Circulation,
October 18, 2005;
112(16):
2417 - 2425.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. M. Hadjigeorgiou, K. Paterakis, E. Dardiotis, M. Dardioti, K. Aggelakis, A. Tasiou, G. Xiromerisiou, A. Komnos, E. Zintzaras, N. Scarmeas, et al.
IL-1RN and IL-1B gene polymorphisms and cerebral hemorrhagic events after traumatic brain injury
Neurology,
October 11, 2005;
65(7):
1077 - 1082.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Wenaweser, J. Dorffler-Melly, K. Imboden, S. Windecker, M. Togni, B. Meier, A. Haeberli, and O. M. Hess
Stent Thrombosis Is Associated With an Impaired Response to Antiplatelet Therapy
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
June 7, 2005;
45(11):
1748 - 1752.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Toutouzas, A. Colombo, and C. Stefanadis
Inflammation and restenosis after percutaneous coronary interventions
Eur. Heart J.,
October 1, 2004;
25(19):
1679 - 1687.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Muscoli, I. Sacco, W. Alecce, E. Palma, R. Nistico, N. Costa, F. Clementi, D. Rotiroti, F. Romeo, D. Salvemini, et al.
The Protective Effect of Superoxide Dismutase Mimetic M40401 on Balloon Injury-Related Neointima Formation: Role of the Lectin-Like Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-1
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.,
October 1, 2004;
311(1):
44 - 50.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. D. Danenberg, G. Golomb, A. Groothuis, J. Gao, H. Epstein, R. V. Swaminathan, P. Seifert, and E. R. Edelman
Liposomal Alendronate Inhibits Systemic Innate Immunity and Reduces In-Stent Neointimal Hyperplasia in Rabbits
Circulation,
December 2, 2003;
108(22):
2798 - 2804.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. M. Dewberry, D. C. Crossman, and S. E. Francis
Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist (IL-1RN) Genotype Modulates the Replicative Capacity of Human Endothelial Cells
Circ. Res.,
June 27, 2003;
92(12):
1285 - 1287.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. Gorchakova, W. Koch, N. von Beckerath, J. Mehilli, A. Schomig, and A. Kastrati
Association of a genetic variant of endothelial nitric oxide synthase with the 1 year clinical outcome after coronary stent placement
Eur. Heart J.,
May 1, 2003;
24(9):
820 - 827.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. H. Von der Thusen, J. Kuiper, T. J. C. Van Berkel, and E. A. L. Biessen
Interleukins in Atherosclerosis: Molecular Pathways and Therapeutic Potential
Pharmacol. Rev.,
March 1, 2003;
55(1):
133 - 166.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. D. Danenberg, F. G. P. Welt, M. Walker III, P. Seifert, G. S. Toegel, and E. R. Edelman
Systemic Inflammation Induced by Lipopolysaccharide Increases Neointimal Formation After Balloon and Stent Injury in Rabbits
Circulation,
June 18, 2002;
105(24):
2917 - 2922.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
F Andreotti, I Porto, F Crea, and A Maseri
Inflammatory gene polymorphisms and ischaemic heart disease: review of population association studies
Heart,
February 1, 2002;
87(2):
107 - 112.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. C. Lowe, S. N. Oesterle, and L. M. Khachigian
Coronary in-stent restenosis: Current status and future strategies
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
January 16, 2002;
39(2):
183 - 193.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Lamblin, C. Bauters, and N. Helbecque
Gene polymorphisms of pro- (or anti-) inflammatory cytokines and vascular disease
Eur. Heart J.,
December 2, 2001;
22(24):
2219 - 2220.
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S E Francis, N J Camp, A J Burton, R M Dewberry, J Gunn, A Stephens-Lloyd, D C Cumberland, A Gershlick, and D C Crossman
Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphism and restenosis after coronary angioplasty
Heart,
September 1, 2001;
86(3):
336 - 340.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
Top
Abstract
Methods