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Figure 1 Relations between mean transvalvular pressure gradients and indexed effective orifice areas for aortic bioprostheses studied in vitro in a physiologic pulse duplicator system, assuming a normal cardiac index of 3.0 liter/min per m2 at rest and 10% to 50% increases in stroke volume, as may occur during maximal upright exercise. (Reproduced with permission from Dumesnil and Yoganathan [4].)
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