This Article Abstract Figures Only Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Goodman, S. G. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Goodman, S. G.

CLINICAL STUDY

Randomized trial of low molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin) versus unfractionated heparin for unstable coronary artery disease^**

One-year results of the essence study

Shaun G. Goodman, MD, FACC^a, Marc Cohen, MD, FACC^*, Frederique Bigonzi, MD, Enrique P. Gurfinkel, MD, David R. Radley, MSc, Veronique Le Iouer, MS^d, Gregg J. Fromell, MD, Christine Demers, MD, Alexander G. G. Turpie, MD^||, Robert M. Califf, MD, FACC^¶, Keith A. A. Fox, MD^#, Anatoly Langer, MD, FACC for the Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneous Enoxaparin in Non–Q Wave Coronary Events (ESSENCE) Study Group^**

^a Canadian Heart Research Center, Division of Cardiology, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
^* Division of Cardiology, Allegheny University Hospitals, Hahnemann Division, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Rhone-Poulenc Rorer Corp., Antony, France
^d Rhone-Poulenc Rorer Corp., Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
Institute of Cardiology, Favaloro Foundation, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Hopital St. Sacrement, Quebec, Canada
^|| McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
^¶ Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
^# Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Manuscript received October 20, 1999; revised manuscript received February 22, 2000, accepted April 11, 2000.

Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Shaun G. Goodman, St. Michael’s Hospital, Division of Cardiology, 30 Bond Street, Room 9-005 Queen, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 1W8
goodmans{at}smh.toronto.on.ca

	Abstract

Top Abstract Methods Results Discussion References

 
OBJECTIVES

We sought to determine whether the observed benefits of enoxaparin were maintained beyond the early phase; a one-year follow-up survey was undertaken for patients enrolled in the Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneous Enoxaparin in Non–Q wave Coronary Events (ESSENCE) study.

BACKGROUND

We have previously reported a significant benefit of low molecular weight as compared with unfractionated heparin (UFH) in the 14- and 30-day incidence of a composite end point of death, myocardial infarction (MI) or recurrent angina in patients with unstable angina or non–Q wave MI.

METHODS

The study recruited 3,171 patients with recent-onset rest angina and underlying ischemic heart disease. All patients received oral aspirin daily and were randomized to receive enoxaparin subcutaneously every 12 h or UFH (intravenous bolus followed by continuous infusion) in a double-blind, double-dummy fashion for a median of 2.6 days.

RESULTS

The incidence of the composite triple end point at one year was lower among patients receiving enoxaparin as compared with those receiving UFH (32.0% vs. 35.7%, p = 0.022), with a trend toward a lower incidence of the secondary composite end point of death or MI (11.5% vs. 13.5%, p = 0.082). At one year, the need for diagnostic catheterization and coronary revascularization was lower in the enoxaparin group (55.8% vs. 59.4%, p = 0.036 and 35.9% vs. 41.2%, p = 0.002, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

In patients with unstable angina or non–Q wave MI, enoxaparin therapy significantly reduced the rates of recurrent ischemic events and invasive diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in the short term with sustained benefit at one year.

Abbreviations and Acronyms   CI = confidence interval   CK = creatine kinase   ECG = electrocardiographic   ESSENCE = Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneous Enoxaparin in Non–Q wave Coronary Events   LMWH = low molecular weight heparin   MI = myocardial infarction   OR = odds ratio   PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention   UFH = unfractionated heparin

We have previously reported a significant benefit of LMWH as compared with unfractionated heparin (UFH), along with aspirin therapy, in the 14-day incidence of death, MI or recurrent angina in patients with unstable angina or non–Q wave MI (5). The Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneous Enoxaparin in Non–Q wave Coronary Events (ESSENCE) trial demonstrated continued benefit of LMWH therapy administered for a median duration of 2.6 days in the primary composite end point at 30 days, with a trend toward lower death or MI rates and a significant reduction in the need for coronary revascularization.

To determine whether the observed benefits of enoxaparin plus aspirin, as compared with UFH plus aspirin, in patients with unstable angina or non–Q wave MI were maintained beyond the early (14 to 30 days) phase, a one-year follow-up survey was undertaken for all patients enrolled in the ESSENCE study.

	Methods

Top Abstract Methods Results Discussion References

 
Patient group.   The entry criteria for enrollment, study design and treatment protocol, as well as end point definitions, of the ESSENCE study have been described in detail (5). Briefly, 3,171 patients were enrolled at 176 centers in Canada, the United States, Europe and South America. Patients had recent-onset rest angina occurring within 24 h before randomization and were required to have evidence of underlying ischemic heart disease, as manifested by one of three criteria: 1) new ST segment depression of at least 0.1 mV, transient ST segment elevation or T wave changes in at least two contiguous leads; 2) documented previous MI or coronary revascularization procedure; or 3) results of noninvasive or invasive testing demonstrating ischemic heart disease. Written, informed consent was obtained from all patients, and the study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of each participating hospital.

Study design and treatment protocol: primary analysis.   Patients were randomized to receive (double-blind, double-dummy) either 1 mg/kg body weight of enoxaparin (Rhone-Poulenc Rorer Corp., Collegeville, Pennsylvania; 100 anti-factor Xa U/kg) subcutaneously every 12 h and an intravenous placebo bolus and infusion, or subcutaneous placebo injections and an intravenous bolus of UFH (usually 5,000 U), followed by a continuous infusion at a dose adjusted according to the activated partial thromboplastin time. Trial therapy was administered for a minimum of 48 h and up to a maximum of eight days. All patients received 100 to 325 mg/day of oral aspirin. All other medications, the decision to proceed with cardiac catheterization and the use of coronary revascularization were left to the discretion of the investigator.

The primary outcome of the trial was the composite triple end point of death, nonfatal MI (or reinfarction) or recurrent angina at 14 days.

Study methods and end point definitions: one-year follow-up.   One-year follow-up was obtained in a retrospective manner, with each site responsible for telephone contact of all randomized patients (or their physicians), case report form completion and appropriate supporting documentation concerning end points and procedures performed. In the United States, a death registry was also employed in cases where patients were lost to follow-up. All information was verified independently by an end points committee whose members had reviewed all end points during the initial 30-day study period and who were unaware of treatment assignments.

For the one-year follow-up, the same composite triple end point of death, MI or recurrent angina was used, and the time to first composite triple end point was the primary outcome. Secondary aims were to assess the time to the first composite double end point of death or MI, cardiac catheterization or coronary revascularization and to assess the incidence of rehospitalization.

The confirmation of end points during the one-year follow-up was based on the following definitions. Death was defined as any death, regardless of cause. Cardiac arrest from which the patient was resuscitated was also classified as death. De novo MI was defined as 1) a total creatine kinase (CK) concentration of more than twice the upper limit of normal and an above-normal concentration of CK, MB fraction (CK-MB) (at least 3% of total CK); or 2) in the absence of CK or CK-MB measurements, new Q waves >0.04 s in at least two leads. Perioperative MI was defined as an elevation of total CK to five times the upper limit of normal or new Q waves >0.04 s in at least two leads. A diagnosis of MI after a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was made if the total CK concentration increased to three times the upper limit of normal and at least 50% above the previous nadir value. Recurrent angina during the 30-day to one-year follow-up was defined as recurrent chest pain leading to revascularization or rehospitalization.

Statistical analysis.   The analyses were done according to the intention-to-treat principle. Statistical comparisons between treatment groups were made using the time to event with the Kaplan-Meier survival technique (two-sided, log-rank test, alpha = 0.05). In measuring the time to an event for cases in which a patient had multiple end points, the first event was taken into account. All patients without events and lost to follow-up were censored at the time of study termination or last contact. In some cases where it was only possible to establish whether a patient was alive or dead, the confirmation date determined the length of follow-up for mortality. However, if an earlier date was known at which full information (and not simply mortality) was available, that date determined the length of follow-up in the analysis of all events. Subgroup analyses were performed using univariate Cox regression models, and treatment effects were estimated by a hazard ratio with the 95% confidence interval (CI).

	Results

Top Abstract Methods Results Discussion References

 
Short-term outcome.   Figure 1 shows the flow of patients through the trial. As reported previously (5), the incidence of the composite triple end point (death, MI or recurrent angina) at 14 days (primary end point) and 30 days was significantly lower among the patients assigned to enoxaparin than among those assigned to UFH (16.6% vs. 19.8%, p = 0.019, odds ratio (OR) 0.80, 95% CI 0.67 to 0.96; and 19.8% vs. 23.3%, p = 0.016, OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.68 to 0.96, respectively). The secondary composite end point of death or MI was reached at 30 days in 6.2% of the enoxaparin group as compared with 7.7% of the UFH group (p = 0.081, OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.59 to 1.03).

View larger version (22K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 1 Trial profile.

Selected baseline characteristics and final diagnoses of the overall patient cohort are shown in Table 1, according to whether one-year follow-up information was available. As compared with patients with one-year follow-up, those with less than one-year follow-up had several lower risk characteristics, including younger age and more frequent presentation with no electrocardiographic (ECG) changes, and were more likely to have a final diagnosis (as determined by the local site investigator) of the qualifying chest pain of noncardiac origin (14.5% vs. 5.5%, p < 0.0001). There was no significant difference in any baseline variable between the two treatment groups among patients with one-year follow-up.

View larger version (19K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 2 Kaplan-Meier plots of the time to a first event over a period of one year for the composite triple end point of death, MI or recurrent angina and for the composite double end point of death or MI.

The trend toward a lower incidence of the secondary composite end point of death or MI seen at 30 days in the enoxaparin group as compared with the UFH group remained at one year (11.5% vs. 13.5%, p = 0.082, hazard ratio 0.84, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.02).

Cardiac catheterization and revascularization.   Thirty days after randomization, the need for diagnostic cardiac catheterization and coronary revascularization was significantly less among the patients assigned to enoxaparin than among those assigned to UFH (47.9% vs. 51.9%, p = 0.024 and 27.0% vs. 32.2%, p = 0.001, respectively).

At one-year follow-up, the requirement for diagnostic catheterization and coronary revascularization remained significantly less in the enoxaparin group as compared with the UFH group (55.8% vs. 59.4%, p = 0.036, hazard ratio 0.91, 95% CI 0.83 to 0.99 and 35.9% vs. 41.2%, p = 0.002, hazard ratio 0.84, 95% CI 0.75 to 0.94, respectively) (Fig. 3). In particular, patients assigned to enoxaparin as compared with UFH required PCI less frequently (18.5% vs. 22.8%, p = 0.004, hazard ratio 0.79, 95% CI 0.68 to 0.93).

View larger version (22K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 3 Kaplan-Meier plots of the time to a first diagnostic cardiac catheterization and the time to a first coronary revascularization over a period of one year.

	Discussion

Top Abstract Methods Results Discussion References

 
Advantages of LMWH therapy.   Although oral aspirin and intravenous UFH represent the current standard of care for patients admitted to the hospital with unstable angina or non–Q wave MI, this antithrombotic approach has a substantial failure rate: recurrent ischemic chest pain, MI or death occurs in 15% to 30%, and 15% to 25% of patients undergo coronary revascularization within 12 weeks of treatment initiation (2). This failure rate is likely due, in part, to the marked variability in dose response and dose-dependent clearance of UFH (6). In contrast, the reduced binding of LMWH to plasma proteins, endothelial cells and macrophages is associated with high bioavailability after subcutaneous injection, a longer plasma half-life, dose-independent clearance and a more predictable anticoagulant response. Further advantages of LMWH include greater resistance to inhibition by activated platelets, less platelet activation, reduced release of von Willebrand factor, minimal effect on microvascular permeability, a lower incidence of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and no need for monitoring of activated partial thromboplastin time (6). Low molecular weight heparins also have a higher anti-factor Xa/IIa ratio and more tissue factor pathway inhibition, leading to greater inhibition of thrombin generation and activity (6).

Previous trials with LMWH.   A significant advantage of combination LMWH and aspirin versus aspirin alone was demonstrated during the first six days of treatment in 1,506 patients in the FRagmin during InStability in Coronary artery disease (FRISC) study (3). This benefit was maintained during the following 35 to 40 days of ongoing once daily subcutaneous dalteparin therapy; however, by four to five months after the end of dalteparin treatment, the initial reduction in death, MI and need for coronary revascularization was no longer significant. Furthermore, on termination of treatment after six weeks, there was a trend toward an increased frequency of ischemic events in the dalteparin group in comparison with the placebo group, despite the concurrent use of aspirin.

The superiority of LMWH as compared with UFH was first demonstrated by Gurfinkel et al. (7) in 219 patients with unstable angina. In a randomized, open-label trial, nadroparin plus aspirin was more effective than either UFH plus aspirin or aspirin alone in the reduction of in-hospital cardiac outcomes (7); no long-term data were collected in this pilot study. However, the FRAXiparine in Ischaemic Syndrome (FRAXIS) study of 3,468 patients with unstable angina or non–Q wave MI failed to demonstrate an advantage of subcutaneous nadroparin (administered for 6 ± 2 days or 14 days, respectively) over intravenous UFH (6 ± 2 days) during the short- (six or 14 days) or intermediate-term (three months) follow-up period (8).

Another direct comparison of UFH and LWMH therapy in 1,482 patients showed no difference in efficacy in the hospital phase of the FRagmin In unstable Coronary artery disease study (FRIC) (4). Furthermore, there was no benefit of continued use of once daily dalteparin as compared with aspirin alone up to 45 days after treatment initiation.

Results of ESSENCE.   In contrast, the ESSENCE study demonstrated both early (14 and 30 days) and sustained benefit (one year) with a twice daily subcutaneous injection of enoxaparin as compared with continuous UFH infusion. ESSENCE is the first large-scale trial showing one-year benefit of antithrombotic therapy administered for a relatively brief duration of 2.6 days to patients with nonpersistent ST segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. Although the clinical benefit with enoxaparin was established early (relative risk reduction of 16% at 48 h and maintained at 14 and 30 days), the similar benefit of enoxaparin on the rates of recurrent angina, MI, death, cardiac catheterization and coronary revascularization, as well as rehospitalization from 31 days to one year, indicates no clinical evidence of greater late reactivation of disease after enoxaparin as compared with standard heparin therapy.

There was a 1.5% absolute reduction in 30-day and 2% absolute reduction in one-year death or MI rates with enoxaparin as compared with UFH in the ESSENCE study. This is similar to the absolute benefit seen over 30 days (1.6%) and six months (2%) in a meta-analysis of patients with unstable angina or non–Q wave MI from all of the randomized trials of intravenous platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists as compared with, or in addition to, UFH (9). However, additional information regarding the magnitude of the benefit seen with enoxaparin is required, because the number of patients in the ESSENCE study is modest (n = 3,171) in comparison to the four IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist trials combined (n = 18,031).

Results of ESSENCE and TIMI 11B.   The Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI)-11B study (10) was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial comparing the strategy of combined short-term (72 h) and intermediate-term (43 days) administration of enoxaparin versus UFH for patients with unstable angina or non–Q wave MI during the early phase. The results of this 3,910-patient trial confirm the benefit seen with enoxaparin over heparin in the ESSENCE trial, at 14 and 43 days, respectively. Furthermore, a meta-analysis of both trials (n = 7,081) demonstrates a significant reduction in the triple end point of death, MI or recurrent ischemia requiring urgent revascularization, as well as the double end point of death or MI up to 43 days (11); longer term (one year) follow-up in TIMI-11B is also consistent with the ESSENCE results (12).

Comparisons with other LMWHs.   A number of reasons could account for the apparent inconsistency of efficacy findings between the trials evaluating dalteparin (FRIC) and nadroparin (FRAXIS) and the studies (ESSENCE and TIMI-11B) that have demonstrated an advantage over UFH. First, the LMWHs vary in their average molecular weight, patterns of distribution of glycosaminoglycan chains, anti-factor Xa/IIa ratio and release profile of tissue factor pathway inhibitor. Second, the anti-thrombotic doses of both the LMWHs and UFH were different in each of the clinical trials. Third, there were differences in trial design, including the time from the qualifying episode of chest discomfort to study enrollment, patient risk profile (e.g., proportion of patients with ECG changes, non–Q wave MI) and end point definitions (e.g., recurrent angina, MI). Thus, in addition to the play of chance, a number of factors could have played a role in demonstrating a significant and sustained advantage of enoxaparin (ESSENCE and TIMI-11B), whereas others failed to show a benefit of LMWH over UFH (FRIC and FRAXIS).

Future treatment.   Particularly in view of the cost-effectiveness of enoxaparin (13,14), it is likely that optimal short-term treatment of high risk patients with acute ischemic coronary syndromes without persistent ST segment elevation in the near future will include a combination of oral aspirin, subcutaneous LMWH and intravenous glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists.

Despite the modest benefit of enoxaparin in the ESSENCE study, it is sobering to note that the event rates in patients who present without persistent ST segment elevation acute coronary syndromes remain high at both 30 days (20%) and one year (32%). Indeed, death or (re)infarction occur in 6 of 100 patients by 30 days, despite aspirin, short-term enoxaparin therapy and a coronary revascularization rate of 27%. An additional six deaths or MIs (per 100 patients) occur despite on-going aspirin therapy, and the revascularization rate is 9% from 31 days to one year. The high risk of recurrent ischemic events likely relates to the fact that the underlying lesion in the coronary artery remains active, with accompanying thrombin generation for many weeks after the initial plaque rupture, leading to the initial episode (15,16). Despite its modest antiplatelet activity, aspirin has only an indirect effect on thrombin generation or activity, and further clinical event prevention may require continued antithrombotic therapy after the initial phase of treatment. In addition, there is evidence from the FRISC II study to suggest that a more aggressive approach (early cardiac catheterization plus revascularization, when appropriate) to moderate to high risk patients with unstable angina or non–Q wave MI leads to a lower incidence of six-month death and (re)infarction (17).

Role of enoxaparin in unstable angina or non–Q wave MI.   Treatment with enoxaparin in addition to aspirin should be considered for at least 48 to 72 h in patients with unstable angina or non–Q wave MI to reduce the short- and long-term risk of recurrent angina, myocardial (re)infarction or death. This antithrombotic strategy will also lead to a lower requirement for diagnostic catheterization (approximately four less per 100 patients) and coronary revascularization (approximately one less coronary artery bypass graft surgeries and four less percutaneous procedures per 100 patients) by one year. The simple mode of administration without the need for anticoagulation monitoring, lower requirement for invasive diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, cost savings and superior short-term and sustained long-term efficacy make enoxaparin an attractive option in the treatment of patients with acute ischemic coronary syndromes presenting without persistent ST segment elevation.

	Acknowledgments

 
The authors acknowledge the outstanding efforts of all study coordinators and investigators in obtaining follow-up status and information on the ESSENCE study participants and the other End Point Adjudication Committee Members (Leonard Dreifus, MD, and John Kostis, MD), Francoise Gosset (CRA Coordinator) and Patrick Poinot (Data Manager).

	Footnotes

 
This study was supported by the Rhone-Poulenc Rorer Corporation, Antony, France and Collegeville, Pennsylvania.

^** A list of participating ESSENCE Study Group investigators may be found in N Engl J Med 1997;337:447–52.

	References

Top Abstract Methods Results Discussion References

 
1. Fuster V, Badimon L, Badimon JJ, Chesebro JH. The pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and the acute coronary syndromes (2). N Engl J Med. 1992;326:310–318[Medline]

2. Oler A, Whooley MA, Oler J, Grady D. Adding heparin to aspirin reduces the incidence of myocardial infarction and death in patients with unstable angina: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 1996;276:811–815[Abstract/Free Full Text]

3. FRagmin during InStability in Coronary artery disease (FRISC) Study Group. Low-molecular-weight heparin during instability in coronary artery disease. Lancet. 1996;347:561–568[CrossRef][Medline]

4. Klein W, Buchwald A, Hillis SE, et al. Comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin with unfractionated heparin acutely and with placebo for six weeks in the management of unstable coronary artery disease: FRagmin In unstable Coronary artery disease (FRIC) Study. Circulation. 1997;96:61–68[Abstract/Free Full Text]

5. Cohen M, Demers C, Gurfinkel EP, et al. A comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin with unfractionated heparin for unstable coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:447–452[Abstract/Free Full Text]

6. Weitz JI. Low-molecular-weight heparins. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:688–698[Free Full Text]

7. Gurfinkel EP, Manos EJ, Mejail RI, et al. Low molecular weight heparin versus regular heparin or aspirin in the treatment of unstable angina and silent ischemia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;26:313–318[Abstract]

8. FRAXIS Study Group. Comparison of two treatment durations (6 days and 14 days) of a low molecular weight heparin with a 6-day treatment of unfractionated heparin in the initial management of unstable angina or non–Q wave myocardial infarction: FRAXIS (FRAXiparine in Ischaemic Syndrome). Eur Heart J. 1999;20:1553–1562[Abstract/Free Full Text]

9. Kong DF, Califf RM, Miller DP, et al. Clinical outcomes of therapeutic agents that block the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa integrin in ischemic heart disease. Circulation. 1998;98:2829–2835[Abstract/Free Full Text]

10. Antman EM, McCabe CH, Gurfinkel EP, et al. Enoxaparin for the acute and chronic management of unstable angina/non–Q wave myocardial infarction: results of TIMI 11B. Circulation. 1999;100:1593–1601[Abstract/Free Full Text]

11. Antman EM, Cohen M, Radley D, et al. Assessment of the treatment effect of enoxaparin for unstable angina/non–Q-wave myocardial infarction: TIMI 11B–ESSENCE meta-analysis. Circulation. 1999;100:1602–1608[Abstract/Free Full Text]

12. Antman EM, McCabe CH, Gurfinkel EP, et al. Treatment benefit of enoxaparin in unstable angina/non–Q wave myocardial infarction is maintained at one year follow-up in TIMI 11B (abstr). Circulation. 1999;100(Suppl I):1–497

13. Mark DB, Cowper PA, Berkowitz SD, et al. Economic assessment of low molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin) versus unfractionated heparin in acute coronary syndrome patients: results from the ESSENCE randomized trial. Circulation. 1998;97:1702–1707[Abstract/Free Full Text]

14. O’Brien BJ, Willan A, Blackhouse G, Goeree R, Cohen M, Goodman S. Is the use of low-molecular-weight heparin (enoxaparin) in acute coronary syndrome patients cost saving in Canada? Am Heart J 2000;139:423–9.

15. Merlini PA, Bauer KA, Oltrona L, et al. Persistent activation of coagulation mechanism in unstable angina and myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1994;90:61–68[Abstract/Free Full Text]

16. Hoffmeister HM, Jur M, Wendel HP, Heller W, Seipel L. Alterations of coagulation and fibrinolytic and kallikrein-kinin systems in the acute and postacute phases in patients with unstable angina. Circulation. 1995;91:2520–2527[Abstract/Free Full Text]

17. FRagmin and fast revascularisation during InStability in Coronary artery disease (FRISC II) Investigators. Long-term low molecular mass heparin in unstable coronary artery disease: FRISC II prospective randomised multicentre study. Lancet. 1999;354:701–707[CrossRef][Medline]

This article has been cited by other articles:

				M. Cohen, K. W. Mahaffey, K. Pieper, C. V. Pollack Jr, E. M. Antman, J. Hoekstra, S. G. Goodman, A. Langer, J. J. Col, H. D. White, et al. A Subgroup Analysis of the Impact of Prerandomization Antithrombin Therapy on Outcomes in the SYNERGY Trial: Enoxaparin Versus Unfractionated Heparin in Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 3, 2006; 48(7): 1346 - 1354. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. H. Ellis, R. Hadari, N. Tchuvrero, S. Shapira, I. Kovlenko, M. Kozmiakova, R. Zissin, and A. Elis Hemorrhagic Complications in Patients Treated with Anticoagulant Doses of a Low Molecular Weight Heparin (Enoxaparin) in Routine Hospital Practice Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis, April 1, 2006; 12(2): 199 - 204. [Abstract] [PDF]

				J. T. Murphy and B. G. Fahy Thrombosis of Sirolimus-Eluting Coronary Stent in the Postanesthesia Care Unit Anesth. Analg., October 1, 2005; 101(4): 971 - 973. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				SYNERGY Trial Investigators Enoxaparin vs Unfractionated Heparin in High-Risk Patients With Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes Managed With an Intended Early Invasive Strategy: Primary Results of the SYNERGY Randomized Trial JAMA, July 7, 2004; 292(1): 45 - 54. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J R S Day, I S Malik, A Weerasinghe, M Poullis, I Nadra, D O Haskard, K M Taylor, and R C Landis Distinct yet complementary mechanisms of heparin and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors on platelet activation and aggregation: implications for restenosis during percutaneous coronary intervention Heart, July 1, 2004; 90(7): 794 - 799. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. P. Gurfinkel, R. Leon de la Fuente, O. Mendiz, and B. Mautner Flu vaccination in acute coronary syndromes and planned percutaneous coronary interventions (FLUVACS) Study: One-year follow-up Eur. Heart J., January 1, 2004; 25(1): 25 - 31. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. A. Henrikson, E. E. Howell, D. E. Bush, J. S. Miles, G. R. Meininger, T. Friedlander, A. C. Bushnell, and N. Chandra-Strobos Chest Pain Relief by Nitroglycerin Does Not Predict Active Coronary Artery Disease Ann Intern Med, December 16, 2003; 139(12): 979 - 986. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W. S. Aronow Review Article: Treatment of Unstable Angina Pectoris/Non-ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction in Elderly Patients J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., October 1, 2003; 58(10): M927 - 933. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. S. Monroe, R. A. Kerensky, E. Rivera, K. M. Smith, and C. J. Pepine Pharmacologic plaque passivation for the reduction of recurrent cardiac events in acute coronary syndromes J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 19, 2003; 41(4_Suppl_S): 23S - 30S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Cohen The role of low-molecular-weight heparin in the management of acute coronary syndromes J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 19, 2003; 41(4_Suppl_S): 55S - 61S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. C. Wong, R. P. Giugliano, and E. M. Antman Use of Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins in the Management of Acute Coronary Artery Syndromes and Percutaneous Coronary Intervention JAMA, January 15, 2003; 289(3): 331 - 342. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. K. Yarlagadda and W. E. Boden Cardioprotective effects of an early invasive strategy for non-ST-segment elevationacute coronary syndromes: Are we all becoming "interventional" cardiologists? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 4, 2002; 40(11): 1915 - 1918. [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Budaj, S. Yusuf, S. R. Mehta, K. A.A. Fox, G. Tognoni, F. Zhao, S. Chrolavicius, D. Hunt, M. Keltai, M. G. Franzosi, et al. Benefit of Clopidogrel in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes Without ST-Segment Elevation in Various Risk Groups Circulation, September 24, 2002; 106(13): 1622 - 1626. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. U. Jones, J. B. Muhlestein, K. W. Jones, T. L. Bair, F. Lavasani, M. Sohrevardi, B. D. Horne, D. Doty, and D. L. Lappe Preoperative Use of Enoxaparin Compared With Unfractionated Heparin Increases the Incidence of Re-Exploration for Postoperative Bleeding After Open-Heart Surgery in Patients Who Present With an Acute Coronary Syndrome: Clinical Investigation and Reports Circulation, September 24, 2002; 106(12_suppl_1): I-19 - I-22. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J.J. Ferguson Antithrombin therapy, antiplatelet therapy and percutaneous coronary intervention: rationale and design of the SYNERGY trial Eur. Heart J. Suppl., May 1, 2002; 4(suppl_E): E2 - E9. [Abstract] [PDF]

				F.J. Van de Werf, E.M. Antman, and M.L. Simoons Managing ST elevation myocardial infarction Eur. Heart J. Suppl., May 1, 2002; 4(suppl_E): E15 - E23. [Abstract] [PDF]

				W. Ageno and A. G.G. Turpie New advances in the management of acute coronary syndromes: 4. Low-molecular-weight heparins Can. Med. Assoc. J., April 1, 2002; 166(7): 919 - 924. [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Borja, M. A. Paz, P. Olivella, and R. A. O'Rourke New Approaches to Diagnosis and Management of Unstable Angina and Non-ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Controversial Data Arch Intern Med, February 25, 2002; 162(4): 485 - 486. [Full Text] [PDF]

				E.M. Antman, M. Cohen, C. McCabe, S.G. Goodman, S.A. Murphy, and E. Braunwald Enoxaparin is superior to unfractionated heparin for preventing clinical events at 1-year follow-up of TIMI 11B and ESSENCE Eur. Heart J., February 2, 2002; 23(4): 308 - 314. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. A. A. Fox, S. G. Goodman, J. A. Cairns, and P. Theroux Enoxaparin Treatment in Unstable Coronary Artery Disease : International Cost Savings Chest, February 1, 2002; 121(2): 666 - 667. [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. E Newby and K. A A Fox Unstable angina: the first 48 hours and later in-hospital management Br. Med. Bull., October 1, 2001; 59(1): 69 - 87. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J.S. Alpert, A.J. Budaj, E.P. Gurfinkel, and T.D. Henry Issues in antithrombin therapy for UA/NSTEMI Eur. Heart J. Suppl., August 1, 2001; 3(suppl_J): J15 - J23. [Abstract] [PDF]

				A. G. G. Turpie and E. M. Antman Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins in the Treatment of Acute Coronary Syndromes Arch Intern Med, June 25, 2001; 161(12): 1484 - 1490. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. C. Smith Jr, J. T. Dove, A. K. Jacobs, J. Ward Kennedy, D. Kereiakes, M. J. Kern, R. E. Kuntz, J. J. Popma, H. V. Schaff, D. O. Williams, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for percutaneous coronary intervention (revision of the 1993 PTCA guidelines): A report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines (Committee to revise the 1993 guidelines for percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty) endorsed by the Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 15, 2001; 37(8): 2239 - 2239. [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Hirsh, T. E. Warkentin, S. G. Shaughnessy, S. S. Anand, J. L. Halperin, R. Raschke, C. Granger, E. M. Ohman, and J. E. Dalen Heparin and Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin Mechanisms of Action, Pharmacokinetics, Dosing, Monitoring, Efficacy, and Safety Chest, January 1, 2001; 119(1_suppl): 64S - 94S. [Full Text] [PDF]

				Benefit of Enoxaparin in Acute Coronary Syndromes Still Holds at 1 Year Journal Watch Emergency Medicine, November 15, 2000; 2000(1115): 5 - 5. [Full Text]

This Article Abstract Figures Only Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Goodman, S. G. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Goodman, S. G.