CLINICAL STUDIES
Myoglobin, creatine-kinase-MB and cardiac troponin-I 60-minute ratios predict infarct-related artery patency after thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction
Results from the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction study (TIMI) 10B
Milenko J. Tanasijevic, MD*,1,
Christopher P. Cannon, MD ,
Elliott M. Antman, MD,
Donald R. Wybenga, MD*,
George A. Fischer, PhD*,
Christine Grudzien*,
C. Michael Gibson, MD ,
James W. Winkelman, MD*,
Eugene Braunwald, MD for the TIMI 10B Investigators
* Clinical Laboratories, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Department of Medicine, VA Medical Center, West Roxbury, Massachusetts, USA
Manuscript received November 6, 1998;
revised manuscript received April 7, 1999,
accepted May 16, 1999.
Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Milenko J. Tanasijevic, Clinical Laboratories, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Amory building, 215 A, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
mtanasijev{at}bics.bwh.harvard.edu
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Abstract
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OBJECTIVES
We examined the diagnostic performance of serum myoglobin, creatine-kinase-MB (CK-MB) and cardiac Troponin-I (cTnI) for predicting the infarct-related artery (IRA) patency in patients receiving TNK-tissue plasminogen activator (TNK-tPA) therapy for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 10B trial.
BACKGROUND
A reliable noninvasive serum marker of IRA patency is desired to permit early identification of patients with a patent IRA after thrombolysis.
METHODS
We measured myoglobin, CK-MB and cTnI concentrations in sera obtained just before thrombolysis (T0) and 60 min later (T60) in 442 patients given TNK-tPA and who underwent coronary angiography at 60 min.
RESULTS
Angiography at 60 min showed a patent IRA (TIMI flow grade 2, 3) in 344 and occluded IRA (TIMI flow grade 0, 1) in 98 patients. The median serum T60 concentration, the ratio of the T60 and T0 serum concentration (60-min ratio) and the slope of increase over 60 min for each serum marker were significantly higher in patients with patent arteries compared with patients with occluded arteries. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve for diagnosis of occlusion was 0.71, 0.70 and 0.71 for the 60-min ratio of myoglobin, cTnI and CKMB, respectively. The 60-min ratios of  4.0 for myoglobin, 3.3 for CK-MB and 2.0 for cTnI yielded a probability of patency of 90%, 88% and 87%, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
The diagnostic performance of serum myoglobin, CK-MB and cardiac Tropinin-I (cTnI) 60-min ratios was similar. The probability of a patent IRA was very high (90%) in patients with 60-min myoglobin ratio 4.0, and early invasive interventions to establish IRA patency may not be necessary in this group. Serum marker determinations at baseline and 60-min after thrombolysis may permit rapid triage of patients receiving thrombolytic therapy by ruling out IRA occlusion.
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Abbreviations and Acronyms
| | AMI | = acute myocardial infarction | | AUC | = area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve | | CK-MB | = creatine-kinase-MB | | cTnI | = cardiac Troponin-I | | ECG | = electrocardiogram | | IRA | = infarct-related artery | | PTCA | = percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty | | ROC | = receiver-operating characteristics | | TIMI | = Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction | | TNK-tPA | = TNK-tissue plasminogen activator |
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Early thrombolysis in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has a strong beneficial influence on short- and long-term outcome (1,2). The therapeutic goal of infarct-related artery (IRA) patency may be achieved with novel thrombolytic agents or percutaneous coronary interventions (3–6). The availability of a reliable marker of IRA patency status may permit early identification of patients with patent IRA, for whom repeat thrombolysis or rescue percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) may not be necessary. Although coronary angiography has been considered the gold standard for this purpose (4,5), it is costly and often unavailable for routine care of most patients. Because the currently used noninvasive clinical and electrocardiographic indexes of IRA patency status are not sufficiently sensitive nor specific (7,8), several serum cardiac markers have been investigated and proposed as alternatives. The serum markers that have been investigated include creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) (9–12), total creatine kinase (CK) (10,13), myoglobin (12,14–16), cardiac Troponin-T (17–20), CK isoforms (21,22), cardiac Troponin-I (cTnI) (12,23) and combinations of the above (12,18,24,25).
The current study was undertaken to examine the diagnostic performance of serum myoglobin, CK-MB and cTnI obtained immediately before, and within 60 min of initiation of thrombolysis, for predicting the IRA patency in patients receiving TNK-tissue plasminogen activator (TNK-tPA) therapy in the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 10B trial.
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Methods
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TIMI 10B trial.
The TIMI 10B trial, a phase-II, dose-ranging trial was conducted in the U.S. and Europe between March 1996 and March 2, 1997. It evaluated the new thrombolytic agent, TNK-tPA, in patients with AMI (26). The study patients were between the ages of 19 and 80 years, had episodes of ischemic discomfort lasting 30 min and presented within 12 h from symptom onset, associated with ST segment elevation 0.1 mV in two or more contiguous electrocardiogram (ECG) leads. Major exclusion criteria included prior stroke or transient ischemic attack, a reliably obtained blood pressure >180/110 mm Hg, significant bleeding within six months and other contraindications to thrombolysis.
Eligible patients were randomized to receive either a single bolus of 30, 40 or 50 mg TNK-tPA (Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California) or front-loaded (t-PA). All patients received aspirin and intravenous heparin. Patients underwent coronary angiography at 90 min, and 60 and 75 min when feasible. All angiograms were analyzed at the Angiographic Core Laboratory (VA Medical Center, West Roxbury, Massachusetts), which was blinded to dose assignment. Thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow grade was analyzed according to prespecified definitions (27).
The TIMI 10B study protocol was reviewed and approved by each hospital’s Institutional Review Board, and written informed consent was obtained from each patient before enrollment.
Study population.
In an ancillary study reported here, blood specimens for serum marker analyses were collected in 826 patients. The patients with no available information regarding the time interval between the onset of chest pain and the initiation of thrombolysis (n = 31) were excluded. Only patients for whom the 60-min angiogram was available (n = 442) were included in the statistical analyses. Separate statistical analyses were performed on the subset of patients that received thrombolytic treatment within 6 h from the onset of ischemic discomfort (n = 378).
Serum marker analyses.
Serum specimens were obtained by centrifugation at each site, and were stored locally at –20°C. They were then mailed on dry ice to the Covance Core Laboratory (Indianapolis, Indiana), where they were stored at –70°C. The specimens were shipped to the Cardiac Serum Marker Core Laboratory, at the Clinical Chemistry Laboratory of the Brigham and Women’s Hospital (Boston), and stored at –20°C until analysis. The cardiac marker proteins remain stable when handled in this manner (data on file; Dade Behring Inc., Newark, Delaware). In the current study, the specimens were thawed and analyzed in batches by individuals blinded to the clinical data. Cardiac Troponin I, CK-MB and myoglobin were measured by the Stratus fluorometric enzyme immunoassays (Dade Behring). The analysis time is 15 min for each marker. The cTnI assay uses two cTnI-specific monoclonal antibodies that recognize two different cTnI epitopes (28,29). This assay shows no cross-reactivity with human skeletal muscle TnI (28,30). The myoglobin sandwich immunoassay uses two myoglobin-specific monoclonal antibodies (31,32). Creatine-kinase-MB concentrations were measured with an immunoassay based on a monoclonal antibody specific for the CK-MB isoenzyme (33,34). All CK-MB and cTnI results below the lower detection limit of their respective assays (i.e., <0.4 ng/ml for both markers) were collectively expressed as 0.4 ng/ml.
The imprecision of the cardiac marker assays, expressed as between-run coefficient of variation (%CV), was assessed over a period of 15 months, using the quality control materials provided by the manufacturer (Dade Behring). The imprecision of the myoglobin assay for concentrations of 47.3, 223.1 and 442.3 ng/ml was 8.6%, 6.2% and 6.1%, respectively. The between-run CV of the CK-MB assay for concentrations of 5.6, 32.1 and 81.2 ng/ml was 8.2%, 7.8% and 6.2%, respectively. The imprecision of the cTnI assays for concentrations of 1.1, 4.6, 18.5 and 33.6 ng/ml was 7.8%, 6.6%, 7.5% and 5.6%, respectively.
Study end points.
End points in this substudy included the diagnostic characteristics for the following measurements and indexes for each marker: value obtained 60 min after initiation of treatment (T60); ratio of the 60-min (T60) over baseline (T0) value (T60/T0); 60-min slope, calculated by dividing the difference of the values at initiation of therapy and 60 min thereafter by 60 ([T60-T0]/60), and expressed in nanograms per milliliter/min. The TIMI flow grade at 60 min was used as a gold standard (12). A TIMI flow grade 2 was considered a patent IRA (n = 344) and a TIMI flow grade  1 was considered an occluded IRA (n = 98).
Statistical analyses.
Baseline patient characteristics and all other results are expressed as medians ± interquartile ranges. Statistical comparison of the baseline characteristics between patients with patent and occluded IRAs were performed via the chi-square test for categorical variables and the Mann-Whitney test for continuous variables. The significance of the differences between the marker values or indexes obtained in the two groups of patients was determined by the Mann-Whitney test. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed for the T0, T60, 60-min ratio and 60-min slope of each marker studied, by plotting sensitivity against (1–specificity) (35). Statistical differences associated with a p < 0.05 were considered significant.
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Results
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Patient characteristics.
The baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of the 442 patients included in this analysis are summarized in Table 1. There were 333 men and 109 women with a median age of 60 years. The time interval from the onset of chest pain to start of thrombolytic therapy was 2.9 h (2.0 to 4.2 h). In 344 (78%) patients, angiography at 60 min revealed TIMI flow grade 2 or 3. In the remaining 98 (22%) patients, the TIMI flow grade was 0 or 1. The time interval from the onset of chest pain to start of thrombolytic therapy was shorter (p < 0.001) in patients with patent IRA (Table 1).
The median age among the subset of patients that received thrombolysis within 6 h from pain onset was 59 years. The time interval from the pain onset to start of thrombolytic therapy in this subgroup was 2.7 h (1.9 to 3.5 h). Angiography at 60 min revealed TIMI flow grade 2 or 3 in 299 (79%) and TIMI flow grade 0 or 1 in 79 (21%) of these patients. Similar to the entire patient population, the time interval from pain onset to start of thrombolytic therapy was shorter (p < 0.004) in patients with a patent IRA.
Changes in serum marker levels in thrombolysis.
Table 2 summarizes the changes in serum levels of myoglobin, CK-MB and cTnI before and 60 min after initiation of thrombolytic therapy. In the overall study population of 442 patients, the baseline (T0) concentrations for all three serum markers were significantly higher in the patients with an occluded IRA (p < 0.001, p < 0.0001 and p < 0.004 for myoglobin, CK-MB and cTnI, respectively), possibly due to the larger extent of myocardial injury in this group. However, this trend was reversed 60 min after thrombolysis, as evidenced by the significantly higher T60 concentrations of myoglobin (p < 0.0001) and cTnI (p < 0.006) and borderline significantly higher CK-MB (p < 0.06) in the patients with a patent IRA.
Median ratios of the serum concentration 60 min after the start of thrombolysis and at baseline (60-min ratio) were consistently higher in patients in whom a patent IRA was found, compared with those of patients with an occluded IRA. The differences reached high statistical significance for all three serum markers (p < 0.0001). Similarly, the medians of the slopes of increase for each serum marker within the first 60 min (60-min slope) were significantly higher in patients with a patent IRA (p < 0.0001). These observations were sustained in the subgroup of 378 patients who received thrombolysis within 6 h of ischemic discomfort.
Diagnostic performance of serum markers in thrombolysis.
Because the myoglobin, CK-MB and cTnI assays produce results along a continuum, an ROC analysis was employed to compare their diagnostic value for noninvasive assessment of a patent IRA 60 min after initiation of thrombolysis. Comparison of the area under the ROC curve (AUC) for the 60-minute ratios in the overall patient population (Fig. 1, middle), showed equivalent performance between myoglobin (AUC = 0.71), cTnI (AUC = 0.71) and CK-MB (AUC = 0.70). The difference in the AUC between the 60-min ratios for the three markers was not statistically significant. The peformance of the 60-min ratios for all three markers in the subset of patients that were treated within 6 h from onset of ischemic discomfort was identical to the overall patient population. Analysis of the T60 concentration (Fig. 1, top) and the 60-min slopes (Fig. 1, bottom) revealed suboptimal AUC for all three markers, with exception of the 60-min myoglobin slope (AUC = 0.70).
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Figure 1 ROC curves of the 60-min value (top), 60-min ratio (middle) and 60-min slope (bottom) of myoglobin, CK-MB and cardiac Troponin-I (cTnI), for noninvasive prediction of occlusion after thrombolysis.
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The data obtained from the ROC analyses were applied to determine the cut-points for the 60-min ratios of all three serum markers, above which the probability of a patent IRA could be predicted with a high degree of diagnostic accuracy. The performance of all three markers was very similar in the overall patient population, as well as in patients treated within 6 h from onset of ischemic discomfort (Table 3). In the overall patient population, the 60-min myoglobin ratio of <4.0 yielded slightly better sensitivity (74%) and specificity (64%) for occlusion of the IRA than the other two serum markers. When the 60-min myoglobin ratio was 4.0, the probability of a patent IRA was 90%, and only 23 out of 229 (10%) patients with values above these levels showed documented occlusion of the IRA at angiography performed 60 min after thrombolysis. The probability of patent IRA increased further with increasing myoglobin 60-min ratios (Fig. 2). The probability of occlusion was low (37%), even with 60-min myoglobin ratios of <4.0 (Tables 3 and 4). The predictive value for occlusion increased by only 4% when the combination of myoglobin 60-min ratios of <4.0 for myoglobin, <2.0 for cTnI and <3.3 for CK-MB was considered evidence of occlusion.
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Figure 2 Probability of IRA patency according to the myoglobin 60-min ratio. The probability of patency corresponds to the myoglobin 60-min ratio values greater than or equal to the specific cutpoints.
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Further analyses were performed to determine whether the performance of the 60-min ratios for all three markers could be improved by segregating the patients based on whether the initial serum myoglobin or cTnI values were higher or lower than their respective diagnostic cutoffs for AMI (>110 and >0.4 ng/ml, respectively). Some improvement in clinical performance was observed for the 60-min cTnI ratio using the diagnostic cutpoint of 2.5, in the subgroup of patients with elevated baseline myoglobin (AUC = 0.77) or cTnI values (AUC = 0.72). However, the probability of occlusion when the cTnI 60-min ratio was <2.5 ng/ml was only 46% in this subgroup. This is only marginally higher than the probability of occlusion of 37% yielded by the 60-min myoglobin ratios of <4.0 in the entire patient population.
None of the markers was sufficiently accurate to differentiate patients with TIMI flow grade 3 from TIMI flow grade 2 (e.g., AUC = 0.64 for myoglobin 60-min ratio). The probability of TIMI flow grade of 3 when the 60-min myoglobin ratio was 4.0 was only 59%.
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Discussion
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The aim of the current study was to assess the diagnostic performance of serum myoglobin, CK-MB and cTnI concentration obtained before and 60 min after initiation of thrombolytic therapy, in predicting myocardial IRA patency, the most important aspect of early AMI care (36). To our knowledge, the current study is the largest study to date to address this important clinical problem.
Diagnostic performance of serum markers.
The 60-min myoglobin ratio of 4.0 yielded 90% probability of a patent IRA (Fig. 2, and Tables 3 and 4), suggesting that emergency coronary angiography to determine their IRA status may be unnecessary when this pattern of release of myoglobin is observed. In our series, 229 (55%) patients had 60-min myoglobin ratios 4.0, indicating that a strategy utilizing myoglobin marker would have allowed noninvasive determination of IRA patency in a significant number of patients. However, the probability of a patent IRA was still substantial even with 60-min myoglobin ratios of <4.0 (Tables 3 and 4). Moreover, the combined use of the 60-min ratios of all three markers did not result in a significant improvement of the predictive value for occlusion. The use of serum markers in combination with other noninvasive markers of IRA patency, including resolution of ST segment elevation and chest pain (8), may improve the specificity for detection of IRA occlusion. If confirmed through appropriate studies, such improved predictive accuracy may allow rapid triage of patients to rescue angioplasty, when the clinical and laboratory findings are consistent with IRA occlusion.
The diagnostic performance of myoglobin, CK-MB and cTnI in the current study is similar to that found in our previous pilot study (12). The performance of the single 60-min serum marker value was unsatisfactory for all three markers. It is probable that the single time point, 60-min serum marker measurement correlated not only with the IRA patency status, but also with the extent of initial myocardial injury. An extensive AMI may have yielded a 60-min myoglobin ratio 4.0 in the absence of IRA patency. Conversely, a small AMI may have resulted in a lower 60-min serum marker value, despite IRA patency.
The usefulness of serum myoglobin for noninvasive prediction of infarct artery patency, either alone or in combination with other cardiac marker proteins, has been demonstrated by our group (12) and by other investigators (14–16,18,24,25,37,38). Ellis et al. (15) reported that in 42 patient receiving thrombolytic therapy, the myoglobin 60-min ratio cutoff of 4.6 conferred 100% sensitivity and 85% specificity for the detection of occlusion. Similarly, Apple et al. (23) found that in 25 consecutive patients given thrombolysis for AMI, the myoglobin 90-min cutoff of 5.0 conferred 100% sensitivity and 76.5% specificity for detection of occlusion. In comparison, in the present study the myoglobin 60-min ratio at the cutoff of 4.0 yielded sensitivity and specificity for occlusion of 74% and 64%, respectively. The higher sensitivity and specificity of the 60-min myoglobin ratio observed in the studies by Ellis et al. (15) and Apple et al. (23) may be due to their small sample size.
Despite a considerable body of literature showing its utility for noninvasive assessment of reperfusion, the measurement of serum myoglobin for this purpose has not become widely adopted into clinical care, possibly because the previous studies included a modest number of patients and concerns were raised about myoglobin’s nonspecificity for cardiac muscle (39). However, our findings indicate that nonspecific elevation of myoglobin is infrequent in patients with AMI and ST segment elevations who are selected to receive thrombolytic therapy. The short turnaround time of approximately 30 min (measured from test ordering until availability of result) for urgent myoglobin determinations performed in the central laboratory, and possibly even less when performed in the emergency department, would enhance myoglobin’s utility in noninvasive assessment of IRA patency status.
Apple et al. (23) have found in a series of 25 patients that early serial measurements of cTnI were a more accurate predictor of early IRA patency status 90 min after thrombolytic therapy than were CK-MB or myoglobin. The performance of the 60-min cTnI ratio in our series was no better than that of the 60-min myoglobin or CK-MB mass ratios. Although the molecular mass of cTnI (23.5 kDa) subunit is close to that of myoglobin (17.8 kDa), its initial rate of increase might be slightly slower due to its predominantly (97%) myofibrillar distribution (40). In addition, because all cTnI results below the lower detection limit of the assay were collectively expressed as 0.4 ng/ml, it is possible that this may have resulted in an underestimation of the cTnI 60-min ratio, and that higher ratios may have been observed using an assay capable of measuring cTnI values between 0.0 and 0.39 ng/ml.
Limitations of the study.
There are limits to the conclusions that we can draw from the present study. It has been previously shown that combined analysis of noninvasive markers (i.e., CK peak and resolution of ST segment elevation) (13), continuous ST segment monitoring (41) and the combination of resolution of ischemic discomfort, reperfusion arrhythmias and normalization of electrocardiogram (7) can improve evaluation of infarct-related artery patency. The other clinical data noted earlier in the article were not available in the TIMI 10B trial, but studies in progress at our institution are evaluating the contribution of the biochemical markers, when used in combination with clinical and ECG markers of IRA patency.
The performance of the cardiac markers in the current study should be interpreted in the context of the overall patency rate (78%) achieved at 60 min by the thrombolytic agents used in the TIMI 10B study. The efficacy of cardiac markers in detecting IRA patency may vary depending on the type of the agent and adjunctive therapy used.
Conclusions.
Our findings indicate that early identification of patients with patent IRA after thrombolysis is possible with biochemical markers. The diagnostic performance of serum myoglobin, CK-MB and cTnI 60-min ratios was similar. The probability of a patent IRA was the highest (90%) in patients with 60-min myoglobin ratio 4.0, and early invasive interventions such as rescue angioplasty may not be necessary in this group. Thus, serum marker determinations at baseline and 60 min after thrombolysis may permit rapid triage of patients receiving thrombolytic therapy by ruling out IRA occlusion.
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Footnotes
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This work was supported by Dade Behring, Inc., Newark, Delaware. The TIMI 10B Clinical Centers were supported by Genentech, South San Francisco, California.
1 Dr. Milenko Tanasijevic is a consultant for Dade Behring International. 
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B. C. Danner, V. N. Didilis, T. Stojanovic, A. Popov, M. Grossmann, R. Seipelt, and F. A. Schondube
A Three-Group Model to Predict Mortality in Emergent Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery
Ann. Thorac. Surg.,
November 1, 2009;
88(5):
1433 - 1439.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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J J Edmond, C P Juergens, and J K French
The pharmaco-invasive approach to STEMI: when should fibrinolytic-treated patients go to the "cath lab"?
Postgrad. Med. J.,
June 1, 2009;
85(1004):
331 - 334.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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J J Edmond, C P Juergens, and J K French
The pharmaco-invasive approach to STEMI: when should fibrinolytic-treated patients go to the "cath lab"?
Heart,
March 1, 2009;
95(5):
358 - 361.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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S G Foussas, M N Zairis, S S Makrygiannis, S J Manousakis, F A Anastassiadis, C S Apostolatos, N G Patsourakos, M P Glyptis, J K Papadopoulos, D C Xenos, et al.
The significance of circulating levels of both cardiac troponin I and high-sensitivity C reactive protein for the prediction of intravenous thrombolysis outcome in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction
Heart,
August 1, 2007;
93(8):
952 - 956.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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S.-S. Xing, Q.-C. Xing, Y. Zhang, and W. Zhang
Effect of serum creatine kinase-MBmass on the early and hierarchical diagnosis of related artery reperfusion in acute myocardial infarction
Postgrad. Med. J.,
June 1, 2007;
83(980):
422 - 425.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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NACB WRITING GROUP MEMBERS, D. A. Morrow, C. P. Cannon, R. L. Jesse, L. K. Newby, J. Ravkilde, A. B. Storrow, A. H.B. Wu, and R. H. Christenson
National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory Medicine Practice Guidelines: Clinical Characteristics and Utilization of Biochemical Markers in Acute Coronary Syndromes
Circulation,
April 3, 2007;
115(13):
e356 - e375.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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NACB WRITING GROUP MEMBERS, D. A. Morrow, C. P. Cannon, R. L. Jesse, L. K. Newby, J. Ravkilde, A. B. Storrow, A. H.B. Wu, R. H. Christenson, NACB COMMITTEE MEMBERS, et al.
National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory Medicine Practice Guidelines: Clinical Characteristics and Utilization of Biochemical Markers in Acute Coronary Syndromes
Clin. Chem.,
April 1, 2007;
53(4):
552 - 574.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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A. Lavoinne, B. Cauliez, H. Eltchaninoff, C. Tron, and A. Cribier
Release of Macromolecular Cardiac Troponin I Complex after Successful Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty in Acute Myocardial Infarction
Clin. Chem.,
March 1, 2003;
49(3):
505 - 507.
[Full Text]
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J. A. de Lemos and E. Braunwald
ST segment resolution as a tool for assessing the efficacy of reperfusion therapy
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
November 1, 2001;
38(5):
1283 - 1294.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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E. Giannitsis, M. Muller-Bardorff, S. Lehrke, U. Wiegand, R. Tolg, B. Weidtmann, F. Hartmann, G. Richardt, and H. A. Katus
Admission Troponin T Level Predicts Clinical Outcomes, TIMI Flow, and Myocardial Tissue Perfusion After Primary Percutaneous Intervention for Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Circulation,
August 7, 2001;
104(6):
630 - 635.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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M. T. Roe, E. M. Ohman, A. C. P. Maas, R. H. Christenson, K. W. Mahaffey, C. B. Granger, R. A. Harrington, R. M. Califf, and M. W. Krucoff
Shifting the open-artery hypothesis downstream: the quest for optimal reperfusion
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
January 1, 2001;
37(1):
9 - 18.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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S. Matetzky, T. Sharir, M. Domingo, M. Noc, K.-Y. Chyu, S. Kaul, N. Eigler, P. K. Shah, and B. Cercek
Elevated Troponin I Level on Admission Is Associated With Adverse Outcome of Primary Angioplasty in Acute Myocardial Infarction
Circulation,
October 3, 2000;
102(14):
1611 - 1616.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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K G OLDROYD
Identifying failure to achieve complete (TIMI 3) reperfusion following thrombolytic treatment: how to do it, when to do it, and why it's worth doing
Heart,
August 1, 2000;
84(2):
113 - 115.
[Full Text]
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Serum Markers Help Predict Open Arteries After Fibrinolysis
Journal Watch Emergency Medicine,
December 1, 1999;
1999(1201):
6 - 6.
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