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CLINICAL STUDIES

Assessment of regional and global left ventricular function by reinjection Tl-201 and rest Tc-99m sestamibi ECG-gated SPECT

Comparison with three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging

Eiji Tadamura, MD^a, Takashi Kudoh, MD^a* , Makoto Motooka, MD^*, Masayuki Inubushi, MD^a* , Seiji Shirakawa, RT^a* , Naoya Hattori, MD^a* , Tomohisa Okada, MD^a* , Tetsuya Matsuda, MD^a, Takaaki Koshiji, MD, Kazunobu Nishimura, MD, Katsuhiko Matsuda, MD and Junji Konishi, MD^a*

^a Department of Nuclear Medicine and Diagnostic Imaging, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
^* Third Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
Department of Medical Informatics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan

Manuscript received June 3, 1998; revised manuscript received October 15, 1998, accepted December 4, 1998.

Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Eiji Tadamura, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Diagnostic Imaging, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
et{at}kuhp.kyoto-u.ac.jp

	Abstract

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OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this study was to test the ability of reinjection thallium-201 and rest technetium-99m sestamibi ECG (electrocardiographic)-gated SPECT (i.e., reinjection-g-SPECT [single-photon emission computed tomography] and MIBI-g-SPECT) to determine regional and global functional parameters.

BACKGROUND

The ECG-gated perfusion SPECT was reported to provide accurate left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) using an automated algorithm. We hypothesized that other various functional data may be obtained using reinjection-g-SPECT and MIBI-g-SPECT.

METHODS

Reinjection-g-SPECT, MIBI-g-SPECT, and three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (3DMRI) were conducted in 20 patients with coronary artery disease. Regional wall motion (RWM) and wall thickening (RWT) were analyzed using semiquantitative visual scoring by each g-SPECT and 3DMRI. The left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes (EDV, ESV) and LVEF estimated by reinjection- and MIBI-g-SPECT were compared with the results of 3DMRI.

RESULTS

A high degree of agreement in RWM and RWT assessment was observed between each g-SPECT and 3DMRI (kappa >.70, p < .001). The LVEF values by reinjection- and MIBI-g-SPECT correlated and agreed well with those by 3DMRI (reinjection: r = .92, SEE = 5.9%, SD of differences = 5.7%; sestamibi: r = .94, SEE = 4.4%, SD of differences = 5.1%). The same also pertained to EDV (reinjection: r = .85, SEE = 18.7 ml, SD of differences = 18.4 ml; sestamibi: r = .92, SEE = 13.1 ml, SD of differences = 13.0 ml) and ESV (reinjection: r = .94, SEE = 10.3 ml, SD of differences = 10.3 ml; sestamibi: r = .97, SEE = 6.7 ml [p < .05 vs. reinjection by F test], SD of differences = 6.6 ml [p < .05 vs. reinjection by F test]).

CONCLUSIONS

Reinjection- and MIBI-g-SPECT provide clinically satisfactory various functional data. These functional data in combination with the perfusion information will improve diagnostic and prognostic accuracy without an increase in cost or the radiation dose to the patients.

Abbreviations and Acronyms   ECG = electrocardiogram, electrocardiographic   EDV = left ventricular end-diastolic volume   ESV = left ventricular end-systolic volume   LV = left ventricular   LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction   reinjection Tl-201 ECG-gated SPECT = reinjection-g-SPECT   rest Tc-99m sestamibi ECG-gated SPECT = MIBI-g-SPECT   SPECT = single-photon emission computed tomography (tomographic)   Tc-99m = technetium-99m   Tl-201 = thallium-201

	Materials and methods

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Phantom experiments.   For the validation of the left ventricular (LV) volume measured by the Tl-201 or Tc-99m ECG-gated SPECT and Germano’s algorithm in our system and in order to compensate for possible inaccuracies of the pixel size value in the image header, phantom experiments were conducted using Tl-201 and Tc-99m. The phantom myocardium (120 ml) contained 340 µCi for Tl-201 and 780 µCi for Tc-99m. It bounded a known endocardial volume (130 ml), which was measured using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The ECG gating was performed using an ECG simulator (M310, Fogg System, Denver, Colorado), and the heart rate was at 75 cycles/min in the phantom experiments. The ECG-gated SPECT images were obtained using a dual-head gamma camera (VariCam, Elscint, Haifa, Israel) equipped with a low-energy high-resolution collimator (30 projections over 180 degrees, 8 frames per cardiac cycle, 40 s/projection for Tl-201 and 20 s/per projection for Tc-99m). For Tl-201 studies, two energy windows were utilized (i.e., 30% windows centered on the 70-keV peak and on the 167-keV peak). For Tc-99m studies, a 20% window centered on the 140-keV peak was employed. Gated SPECT images were prefiltered with Butterworth filter (order 5, pixel size = 7.2 mm, cutoff frequency 0.40 cycles/pixel for Tl-201 and 0.45 cycles/pixel for Tc-99m). A zoom factor of 1.28 was used. Data were reconstructed using a filtered back-projection technique with no attenuation or scatter correction. The phantom volumes of the eight frames were automatically calculated using Germano’s algorithm (7,8).

Human studies.   Patients referred for routine stress/reinjection Tl-201 SPECT and rest Tc-99m sestamibi SPECT to assess myocardial perfusion, viability, and function from August 1997 to May 1998 were the source of subjects in this study. Among them, MRI was conducted in 20 patients for clinical reasons within one week of these nuclear studies, during which time patients were in a stable condition. The 20 patients consisted of 15 men and 5 women (age range, 45 to 77 years; mean, 64.7 years). Thirteen subjects had a history of myocardial infarction. All patients had angiographically proven coronary artery disease.

SPECT imaging.   Each subject underwent exercise Tl-201 SPECT as previously described (12). At peak exercise, approximately 111 MBq of Tl-201 was injected intravenously depending on the patient’s weight, and the patient then continued exercise for an additional 60 s. Approximately 10 min after the termination of the exercise, the initial SPECT imaging was performed. Immediately after the termination of the initial scan, an additional 37 MBq of Tl-201 was injected (9). Reinjection SPECT imaging was performed 3 to 4 h later. Care was taken to have the camera as close as possible to the patient. The Tl-201 ECG-gated SPECT images were acquired with 60 s/projection, resulting in the total acquisition time of approximately 16 min including the rotation time of the camera. Other acquisition and reconstruction protocols were the same as those used for the Tl-201 phantom experiments. On a different day, 600 MBq of Tc-99m sestamibi was injected with the patient in the resting condition. Sixty minutes later, MIBI-g-SPECT was acquired with 40 s/projection, and the total acquisition time was almost 11 min. Other acquisition and reconstruction protocols were the same as those used for the Tc-99m phantom experiments.

MR imaging.   Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was performed on a 1.5-Tesla whole-body scanner (Horizon, General Electric Medical Systems, Milwaukee, Wisconsin) using multiple surface coils connected to phased array receivers (13). Breath-hold cine MRI was acquired using a segmented k-space gradient echo sequence with view-sharing (14). The imaging parameters were as follows: TR = 11 ms, TE = 1.4 ms, 20 degree flip angle, 196 x 256 matrix, 320 x 320 mm² field of view, 8 or 10 lines/segment. Cine MR images were obtained in midventricular vertical and horizontal long-axis planes (7-mm slice thickness). In addition, 10 to 12 contiguous sections (10-mm slice thickness) were obtained in the short-axis plane covering the entire left ventricle from the base to the apex to acquire three-dimensional LV data.

Data analysis.   The reinjection-g-SPECT and MIBI-g-SPECT images were automatically processed with Germano’s algorithm (7,8).

The left ventricle was then divided into nine segments (apex, apical-anterior, apical-septal, apical-inferior, apical-lateral, basal-anterior, basal-septal, basal-inferior, basal-lateral). The stress and reinjection Tl-201 SPECT images were interpreted visually as to whether perfusion defects were present using a 4-point scale (0 = normal, 1 = mild/equivocal defects, 2 = moderate defects, 3 = severe defects) (15). The regional function shown by the reinjection-g-SPECT and MIBI-g-SPECT was analyzed by expert observers (T.K. and M.I., respectively) without knowledge of the clinical information or the results of the MRI studies. Regional wall motion was assessed using a 4-point scale (0 = normal, 1 = mild hypokinesia, 2 = moderate to severe hypokinesia, 3 = akinesia or dyskinesia). Regional wall thickening was also scored on a 4-point scale (0 = normal, 1 = mildly impaired, 2 = moderately impaired, 3 = severely impaired to absent wall thickening) based on the visual assessment of myocardial brightening from diastole to systole in the nine segments. When functional assessment was not feasible owing to absent tracer uptake, these segments were assigned scores of "3" for wall motion and thickening.

The MR images were read by an experienced observer (M.M.) unaware of the results of the nuclear studies. Left ventricular wall thickening and wall motion were similarly scored based on the cinematic display of the breath-hold cine MRI. Both EDV and ESV were calculated based on Simpson’s rule by a manual tracing of the endocardial border of each short-axis image (16). Finally, LVEF was calculated from the EDV and ESV data (16).

Statistical analysis.   Data are expressed as mean ± SD. The count statistics obtained by reinjection-g-SPECT and MIBI-g-SPECT were analyzed by the paired Student t test. The evaluation of agreement between the wall-motion scores was performed using a kappa statistic. Systemic error and the degree of agreement of global functional parameters obtained by each g-SPECT and the 3DMRI were assessed according to the method of Bland and Altman (17). The degree of agreement between two methods was determined as the mean differences (bias), standard deviation (SD) of the differences, limits of agreement (mean 2 SD), standard error of the mean difference, and 95% confidence interval of the mean difference. A one-sample t test at the 5% significance level was used to determine whether the resulting difference from zero, as an underestimation or overestimation by g-SPECT measurements, was significant. An F test at the 5% significance level was used to analyze the equality of the standard deviation of differences between reinjection-g-SPECT and 3DMRI to that between MIBI-g-SPECT and 3DMRI. A linear regression analysis was used to compare the global functional parameters obtained by each g-SPECT and 3DMRI. An F test at the 5% significance level was used to analyze the equality of standard error of estimates (SEEs) between the correlation of reinjection-g-SPECT to 3DMRI and the correlation of MIBI-g-SPECT to 3DMRI. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.

	Results

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Phantom experiments.   The mean cardiac volume of the cardiac phantom filled with Tl-201 was 96.8 ± 1.7 U in 8 frames in our system (total counts: 659.0 Kcounts). Accordingly, the correction factor 1.34 (=130/96.8) was multiplied to translate the measured value (units) into the real volume (ml) in the human Tl-201 studies. The mean cardiac volume of the cardiac phantom filled with Tc-99m was 105.4 U in 8 frames in our system (total counts: 849.7 Kcounts). In the human Tc-99m sestamibi studies, therefore, the correction factor 1.23 (=130/105.4) was multiplied to obtain the real ventricular volume (ml).

Human studies.   Perfusion and ischemic score
Table 1 depicts the relevant clinical data for 20 patients. The average summed rest perfusion score in 13 patients with previous infarction was 6.15 (312). The average ischemic score (the summed stress score minus the summed reinjection score) in seven noninfarcted patients was 4.29 (214).

Regional wall motion.   Examples of reinjection-g-SPECT and MIBI-g-SPECT images and corresponding MR images are shown in Figure 1. Results of the wall-motion and thickening comparisons are shown in Tables 1 to 4. For the assessment of wall motion, the comparisons between reinjection-g-SPECT and 3DMRI and between MIBI-g-SPECT and 3DMRI yielded exact segmental score agreements of 82% (kappa = 0.70) and 84% (kappa = 0.73), respectively. The exact segmental score agreement for wall thickening was 84% (kappa = 0.71) and 87% (kappa = 0.76), respectively. More than 98% of the wall-motion and thickening scores in both comparisons were within 1 point of the corresponding MRI scores.

View larger version (74K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 1 A typical LV end-diastolic (left) and end-systolic (right) short axis images of reinjection-g-SPECT (top), MIBI-g-SPECT (middle) and MRI (bottom) in a patient with old myocardial infarction. Regional wall motion and thickening were impaired in anteroseptal and inferolateral regions.

View larger version (17K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 2 Scatter plots are shown for EDV obtained with reinjection-g-SPECT (filled circle) (y = 5.7 + 0.91x; r = 0.85; SEE = 18.7 ml) and MIBI-g-SPECT (open circle) (y = 3.8 + 0.92x; r = 0.92; SEE = 13.1 ml).

View larger version (19K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 3 Scatter plots are shown for ESV obtained with reinjection-g-SPECT (filled circle) (y = 0.30 + 1.03x; r = 0.94; SEE = 10.3 ml) and MIBI-g-SPECT (open circle) (y = 1.28 + 0.98x; r = 0.97; SEE = 6.7 ml).

View larger version (20K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 4 Scatter plots are shown for LVEF obtained with reinjection-g-SPECT (filled circle) (y = –6.77 + 1.06x; r = 0.92; SEE = 5.9%) and MIBI-g-SPECT (open circle) (y = 0.34 + 0.93x; r = 0.94; SEE = 4.4%).

	Discussion

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Regional ventricular function assessed by several techniques.   Chua et al. (3) demonstrated that regional LV function such as RWM and RWT can be reliably obtained using MIBI-g-SPECT with high accuracy. The high correlation found between the RWM and RWT of the reinjection-g-SPECT and MRI shows that the image quality of reinjection-g-SPECT is adequate for the visual assessment of regional function and that 3 to 4 h may be adequate for functional recovery from post-stress myocardial stunning (7,8). Gated perfusion SPECT has several advantages over the conventional radionuclide angiography or contrast left ventriculography, because it can assess RWT. These conventional techniques can only assess RWM to estimate regional ventricular function. The feasibility of the assessment of RWT is important especially in patients with postcardiac surgery because of the high prevalence of postoperative septal wall-motion abnormalities even in uncomplicated surgery (18).

LVEF measurements.   The LVEF values were underestimated by reinjection-g-SPECT and MIBI-g-SPECT compared with 3DMRI measurements. Presumably this was partly caused by the difference of the temporal resolution between ECG-gated SPECT and breath-hold cine MRI. In fact, Germano et al. (7) reported that a 3.7% loss in LVEF percentage points would be expected when using 8-interval rather than 16-interval gating.

Volume measurements by Tl-201.   Bateman et al. and Akinboboye et al. (19,20) recently suggested the feasibility of volume measurements using Tl-201 ECG-gated SPECT. To our knowledge, however, the present study obtained the first full validation of the use of Tl-201 for estimating LV volume against 3DMRI. Moreover, this study showed that the LV volumes can be automatically estimated simultaneously in a perfusion study using Tl-201 or Tc-99m sestamibi.

ECG-gated Tl-201 SPECT versus Tc-99m sestamibi SPECT.   Germano et al. (8) and Maunoury et al. (21) recently reported that LVEF can be assessed by Tl-201 ECG-gated SPECT. The present results showed that Tl-201 could provide clinically satisfactory LV functional information, whereas Tc-99m MIBI is more accurate and reliable for the assessment of LV function in a shorter acquisition time. The main disadvantages of the use of Tl-201 for ECG-gated SPECT are the poorer myocardial count rate and image quality in comparison with Tc-99m myocardial perfusion tracers (8,21). Therefore, a long acquisition time (16 min) was used in the current study. Especially in the case of the Western patients who have a larger physical constitution than do the Japanese, the acquisition time should be longer. Thus, ECG-gated Tl-201 SPECT may not be feasible in busy laboratories. Patient discomfort and motion due to the long acquisition time may also cause problems.

However, the Tl-201 stress/reinjection protocol is well established for assessing myocardial viability (9–11). The feasibility of the use of Tl-201 in ECG-gated SPECT will make it possible to assess myocardial regional and global ventricular function in addition to myocardial perfusion and viability in a single imaging protocol, which is important in the current cost-conscious environment. In addition, the evaluation of transient ischemic dilatation induced by the stress is reported to be useful to detect severe coronary artery disease (22). Such a transient dilatation was detected using stress Tc-99m sestamibi-gated SPECT acquired 15 min after the tracer injection (23). However, the optimal time postinjection for sestamibi or tetrofosim imaging is reported to be more than 30 min, to allow for hepatobiliary tracer clearance (24,25). Earlier acquisition after the tracer injection will cause a degradation of image quality. The hepatobiliary uptake of Tl-201 is not a significant problem, and Tl-201 imaging is usually initiated approximately 5 to 10 min after injection (12). Consequently, Tl-201 may be advantageous for detecting transient dilatation induced by stress. In certain clinical situations, therefore, we believe that ECG-gated Tl-201 SPECT may be useful despite its longer acquisition time.

Study limitation.   Patients whose ESV were less than 30 ml were not included in the current study. However, it is suggested that this automated algorithm tends to underestimate the ventricular volume when the chamber size is extremely small (23,26). Therefore, some corrections may be required for the accurate volume measurements of smaller ventricles.

Conclusions.   Although ECG-gated SPECT using Tc-99m sestamibi provided more accurate and reliable functional data in a shorter acquisition time compared to that using Tl-201, a variety of functional data obtained by Tl-201 ECG-gated SPECT were also clinically satisfactory. No matter what perfusion tracer is utilized, therefore, we believe that various functional data obtained with ECG-gated SPECT will improve both diagnostic and prognostic accuracy without an increase in cost or the radiation dose to the patients.

	References

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