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Figure 5 Left atrial horizontal (LAH) and vertical (LAV) positions: gross lesions with charring and corresponding fluoroscopic images. The tissue specimen illustrates an encircling lesion around the pulmonary veins (PV) and a vertical lateral lesion connecting the mitral ring to the encircling lesion. The lesions were generated with radiofrequency power titration without temperature control. The heavy char formation is a potential source for embolic stroke. LAA = left atrial appendage; MV = mitral valve.
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