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Figure 1 Circadian distribution of hourly mean VR in patients with CAF as influenced by various treatment regimens (Dig + dilt = digoxin + diltiazem; Dig + atn = digoxin + atenolol). The "hour of the day" refers to a 24 h clock with hour 0 being midnight. All regimens exhibited significant circadian variation of VR (p < 0.001). Digoxin and diltiazem given alone had similar overall rates during the 24 h. Compared with digoxin, atenolol alone and digoxin + atenolol markedly attenuated the circadian rhythmicity. Note that beta-blockade tended to shift the peak ventricular rate to a later time in the afternoon and the combination of digoxin and atenolol was the most effective regimen in reducing the ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation. See text for details.
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