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Figure 2 Effect of 8 µg/kg clonidine infused over 1 h before peritoneal insufflation on hemodynamic changes induced by carbon dioxide PNO (study 2). Mean arterial pressure, heart rate, cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance were measured or calculated at the end of the infusion of clonidine or placebo and before the creation of the PNO (PRE-PNO); 5 min after the beginning of peritoneal insufflation with the patient in the supine position; 15 and 30 min after the beginning of insufflation with the patient tilted to a 10° head-up position; 5 min after exsufflation with the patient still tilted to a 10° head-up position (EXS-5); and finally 30 min after exsufflation, approximately 15 min after the end of anesthesia and tracheal extubation with the patient in a horizontal position breathing spontaneously (END). Results are mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05 compared with placebo;  the increase in SVR was significantly (p < 0.05) less in the clonidine group (+394 ± 113 dynes·s·cm–5) than in the placebo group (+745 ± 49 dynes·s·cm–5);  p < 0.05 compared with PNO 30 min.
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