Depression in Heart Failure
A Meta-Analytic Review of Prevalence, Intervention Effects, and Associations With Clinical Outcomes
Thomas Rutledge, PhD*,
,*,
Veronica A. Reis, BSc*,
,
Sarah E. Linke, BA
,
Barry H. Greenberg, MD, FACC
and
Paul J. Mills, PhD
* VA San Diego Health Care System, San Diego, California
University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, California. David S. Sheps, MD, MSPH, acted as the guest editor for this article

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Figure 1 Prevalence of depression in heart failure patients, and 95% confidence intervals (27 studies).
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Figure 2 Effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals among studies reporting associations between depression and mortality and secondary events (8 studies).
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Copyright © 2006 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation.