Glucose, Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and DiabetesRelevance to Incidence of Heart Failure
Tamara B. Horwich, MD, MS and
Gregg C. Fonarow, MD*
Ahmanson-UCLA Cardiomyopathy Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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Figure 1 Age-Adjusted Hospitalization Rates for HF
National Hospital Discharge Survey, 1979 to 2004 (left). Trends of age-adjusted heart failure hospitalization rate (per 100,000) from 1979 to 2004 among patients with heart failure as the first-listed or additional (2nd to 7th) diagnosis for men and women. Reprinted with permission from Fang et al. (3). Trends in prevalence of diabetes in the U.S. over the past decades (right). Reprinted with permission from Lloyd-Jones et al. (1).
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Figure 2 Multiple Pathogenetic Mechanisms Involved in the Relationship Between Diabetes, Metabolic Disease, and HF
Figure illustration by Rob Flewell. CRP = C-reactive protein; Epi = epinephrine; IL = interleukin; LV = left ventricular; NE = norepinephrine; RAAS = renal-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
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Figure 4 Recommended Therapies by Stage of HF Algorithm
Adapted with permission from Hunt et al. (60). Figure illustration by Rob Flewell. ACEI = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB = angiotensin II receptor blocker; EF = ejection fraction; FHx CM = family history of cardiomyopathy; HF = heart failure; LV = left ventricular; LVH = left ventricular hypertrophy; MI = myocardial infarction.
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