Example of simultaneous integrated stellate ganglion nerve activity (iSGNA) and integrated vagal nerve activity (iVNA) at baseline (before pacing-induced congestive heart failure) in an ambulatory dog. (Top) iSGNA; (middle) iVNA; (bottom) electrocardiographic (ECG) trace. In the upper trace, A indicates between the 12th and 16th s, an epoch of high sympathetic activity followed 3 s later by an epoch of fast heart rate (about 120 beats/min, between the 18th and 24th s). This sympathetic activity is followed almost immediately, between the 24th and 30th s, by a vagal increase with lower heart rate (B) (from 120 to 90 beats/min, between the 30th and 36th s), and last (C), a new increase in sympathetic activity after the 48th s, and a heart rate increase (from 90 to 130 beats/min, around the 54th s). LSG = left stellate ganglion nerve; VN = vagal nerve.

Example of assessment of iSGNA, iVNA, and its influence on RR and QT intervals at baseline and after pacing-induced congestive heart failure (CHF) in an ambulatory dog. QTc = corrected QT interval; other abbreviations as in Figure 1.

RR and QT intervals recorded in the same dog at baseline (A and C) and during congestive heart failure (CHF) (B and D) under the same sympathetic activity levels. A and C show the RR recorded and QT intervals over 256 consecutive cycles at baseline, and B and D show the same data during CHF.

RR and QT spectra obtained from the recordings of Figure 3. As in Figure 3, we reported the spectrum in the same dog at baseline (left panels) and during congestive heart failure (CHF) (right panels) under the same sympathetic activity levels. Panel A shows the power spectra for RR intervals at baseline, panel B during CHF. Note the dramatic reduction in RR-interval variance (RR_v), less than two-thirds the value during CHF, and the reduced RR interval (RR_m). Panels C and D show the spectra for QT intervals recorded at baseline and during CHF. Note that QT variance (QT_v) and the mean QT interval (QT_m) both increase. Last, panels E (baseline) and F (CHF) give coherence and corresponding QT variability index (QTVI) values calculated from the respective RR (baseline: A; CHF: B) and QT intervals (baseline: C; CHF: D) (QTVI = QT_v/[QT_m]²/RR_v/[RR_m]²). Note the increased QTVI during CHF. Note also that maximum coherence at baseline peaks at around 0.1 Hz and during in CHF at around 0.35 Hz. The maximum peak differs because the 2 synchronous spectral components RR (A) and QT (C) predominantly oscillate at a lower frequency at baseline than during CHF (0.1 and 0.35 Hz) (B and D). PSD = power spectral density in the area under the curve.

In the subgroup recorded at high sympathetic activity values, the QTVI was significantly lower at baseline than during CHF. In the box plots, the central line represents the median distribution. Each box spans from 25th to 75th percentile points, and error bars extend from 10th to 90th percentile points. iSGNA = integrated stellate ganglion nerve activity; other abbreviations as in Figure 4.

Graph showing cross-spectral analysis (coherence) in the 6 ambulatory dogs. Note that baseline coherence increases as a function of the increase in spectral sympathetic nerve activity. In the box plots, the central line represents the median distribution. Each box spans from 25th to 75th percentile points, and error bars extend from 10th to 90th percentile points. CHF = congestive heart failure; iSGNA = integrated stellate ganglion nerve activity.