Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Diseases
Carl J. Lavie, MD*,*,
Richard V. Milani, MD*,
Mandeep R. Mehra, MD and
Hector O. Ventura, MD*
* Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Figure 1 Fish Oil and Post-MI Prognosis
Early benefit of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ( -3 PUFA) therapy on total mortality, sudden death, coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality, and cardiovascular mortality. Probability measurements represent relative risk (95% confidence interval). Reprinted, with permission, from Marchioli et al. (18). MI = myocardial infarction.
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Figure 2 EPA in Primary Prevention
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (1.8 g/day) reduced the incidence of major adverse coronary events in the JELIS (Japan EPA Lipid Intervention Study) trial by 19%. Reprinted, with permission, from Yokoyama et al. (7). CI = confidence interval.
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Figure 3 Fish Intake and CHF
Survival free of congestive heart failure (CHF) according to consumption of tuna or other fish that are high in eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Reprinted, with permission, from Mozaffarian et al. (41).
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Figure 4 Fish Oil and Heart Failure Survival
Kaplan-Meier curves for time to all-cause death (A) and for time to all-cause death or admission to hospital for cardiovascular reasons (B). Reprinted, with permission, from the GISSI-HF Investigators (8). *Estimates were calculated with a Cox proportional hazards model, with adjustment for admission to the hospital for heart failure in the previous year, previous pacemaker, and aortic stenosis. CI = confidence interval; HR = hazard ratio; -3 PUFA = omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.
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Figure 5 Fish Oil Dosing and Cardiovascular Impact
Schema of potential dose responses and time courses for altering clinical events of physiologic effects of fish or fish oil intake. BP = blood pressure; DHA = docosahexaenoic acid; EPA = eicosapentaenoic acid. Reprinted, with permission, from Mozaffarian and Rimm (69).
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Figure 6 Omega-3 Blood Levels and SCD
Relative risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) according to baseline blood levels of omega-3 fatty acids as percentage of total fatty acids. Data from Albert et al. (77). Reprinted, with permission, from Lee et al. (3).
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