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Micronutrient Deficiencies

An Unmet Need in Heart Failure

Victor Soukoulis, MD, PhD^_*, Jamil B. Dihu, DO, Michael Sole, MD, Stefan D. Anker, MD, PhD^||,¶, John Cleland, MD^#, Gregg C. Fonarow, MD^_**, Marco Metra, MD, Evasio Pasini, MD, Theresa Strzelczyk, APN, CNS^_*, Heinrich Taegtmeyer, MD, DPhil^,_* and Mihai Gheorghiade, MD

^_* Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
Center for Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
Department of Medicine, University of Chicago (North Shore), Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
Division of Cardiology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
^|| Department of Cardiology, Charite, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
^¶ Centre for Clinical and Basic Research, IRCCS San Raffaele, Roma, Italy
^# Department of Cardiology, Castle Hill Hospital, Hull York Medical School, Kingston upon Hull, United Kingdom
^_** Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
Section of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Experimental and Applied Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
Fondazione "S Maugeri," Medical Centre of Lumezzane, Brescia, Italy
Department of Medicine/Cardiology, University of Texas Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas

View larger version (35K): [in this window] [in a new window] [Download PPT slide]   Figure 1 Cycles of Energy Transfer and the Place of Micronutrients Energy transfer in the heart as a system of interconnected cycles. Micronutrients are essential components of moiety-conserved cycles in the cell. See the Normal Cardiac Metabolism section for further discussion.