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J Am Coll Cardiol, 2009; 54:1561-1575, doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.04.098
© 2009 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation
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Women and Ischemic Heart Disease

Evolving Knowledge

Leslee J. Shaw, PhD{dagger}, Raffaelle Bugiardini, MD{ddagger} and C. Noel Bairey Merz, MD*,*

* Women's Heart Center, Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
{dagger} Emory Program in Cardiovascular Outcomes Research and Epidemiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
{ddagger} Department of Internal Medicine, Cardio-Angiology and Hepatology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy


Figure 1
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  		Figure 1 Cascade of Mechanisms and Manifestations of Ischemia Having an Impact on Ischemic Heart Disease Risk in Women

Figure illustration by Rob Flewell.

 

Figure 2
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  		Figure 2 Model of Microvascular Angina in Women

Figure illustration by Rob Flewell. HTN = hypertension; PCOS = polycystic ovary syndrome.

 

Figure 3
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  		Figure 3 Overarching Working Model of Ischemic Heart Disease Pathophysiology in Women

Figure illustration by Rob Flewell. CAD = coronary artery disease; PCOS = polycystic ovary syndrome.

 

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  		Figure 4 Factors That Have an Impact on the Risk of IHD Events in Women

Figure illustration by Rob Flewell. CAD = coronary artery disease; IHD = ischemic heart disease.

 

Figure 5
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  		Figure 5 Relative Hazard (95% CIs) for Death or MI for Women and Men Enrolled in the COURAGE Trial

Reprinted with permission from Boden et al. (187). CI = confidence interval; MI = myocardial infarction; OMT = optimal medical therapy; PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention.

 
 
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